Jubilees (Jublee)

PROPERTY OF: DAVID 0. McKAY LIBRARY BYU-IDAHO REXBURG ID 83460-0405 DAVID O. MCKAY LIBRARY 31404 007861492 DATE DUE VIAM 1 S 2006 1 – – OCT 2 4 2009 2010 FZDt3″ Demco TRANSLATIONS OF EARLY DOCUMENTS SERIES I PALESTINIAN JEWISH TEXTS (PRE-RABB1NIC) THE BOOK OF JUBILEES OR THE LITTLE GENESIS Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http:archive.orgdetailsbookofjubileesor01char THE BOOK OF JUBILEES OR THE LITTLE GENESIS TRANSLATED FROM THE ETHIOPIC TEXT BY R. H. CHARLES, D.Litt., D.D. CANON OF WEST MINSTER J FELLOW OF MERTON COLLEGE ; FELLOW OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY WITH AN INTRODUCTION’ BY G. H. BOX, M.A. lecturer in rabbinical Hebrew, king’s college, London hon. canon of st. albans SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRIST I, AN KNOWLEDGE LONDON: 68, HAYMARKET, S.W. I. NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1917 EDITORS’ PREFACE The object of this series of translations is primarily to furnish students with short, cheap, and handy text-books, which, it is hoped, will facilitate the study of the particular texts in class under com- petent teachers. But it is also hoped that the volumes will be acceptable to the general reader who may be interested in the subjects with which they deal. It has been thought advisable, as a general rule, to restrict the notes and comments to a small compass; more especially as, in most cases, excellent works of a more elaborate character are available. Indeed, it is much to be desired that these translations may have the effect of inducing readers to study the larger works. Our principal aim, in a word, is to make some difficult texts, important for the study of Christian origins, more generally accessible in faithful and scholarly translations. In most cases these texts are not available in a cheap and handy form. In one or two cases texts have been included of books which are available in the official Apocrypha; but in every such case reasons exist for putting forth these texts in a new translation, with an Introduction, in this series. We desire to express our thanks to Canon Charles and Messrs. A. and C. Black, for their permission to reprint here the translation of The Hook of Jubilees, published in 1902. W. 0. E. Oesterley. G. II Box. INTRODUCTION Short Account of the Book The Book of Jubilees, or, as it is sometimes called, ” the little Genesis,” purports to be a revelation given by God to Moses through the medium of an angel (” the Angel of the Presence,” i. 27), and con- taining a history, divided up into jubilee-periods of forty-nine years, from the creation to the coming of Moses. Though the actual narrative of events is only carried down to the birth and early career of Moses, its author envisages the events of a later time, and in particular certain events of special interest at the time when he wrote, which was probably in the latter years of the second century B.C., perhaps in the reign of the Maccabean prince John Hyrcanus. Though “distinguished from the Pentateuch proper (” the first Law,” vi. 22), it presupposes and supple- ments the latter. The actual narrative embraces material contained in the whole of Genesis and part of Exodus. But the legal regulations given pre- suppose other parts of the Pentateuch, especially the so-called ” Priest’s Code ” (P), and certain details in the narrative are probably intended to apply to events that occurred in the author’s own time (the latter years of the second century B.C.). The author himself seems to have contemplated the speedy inauguration of the Messianic Age, and in this respect his point of view is similar to that of the Apocalyptic writers. But his work, though it contains one or two passages of an apocalyptic character, 4s quite unlike the typical apocalypses. It is largely narrative based upon the historical narratives in Genesis and vii viii INTRODUCTION Exodus, interspersed with legends, and emphasizing certain legal practices (such as the strict observance of the Sabbath, circumcision, etc.), and laying much stress upon their eternal obligation. But his main object was to inculcate a reform in the regulation of the calendar and festivals, in place of the intercalated lunar calendar, which he condemns in the strongest language. He proposes to substitute for this a solar calendar consisting of 12 months and containing 364 days. The result of such a system is to make all festivals, except the Day of Atonement, fall on a Sunday ; the author also fixes the date of the Feast of Weeks (Pentecost) on Sivan 15th (in place of the traditional Sivan 6th). He obviously believes that the prevailing system has produced grave conse- quences in religious practice. The proper observance of the feasts, which had been prescribed by divine authority, is, according to his view, rendered im- possible so long as the right principles for regulating the calendar are ignored. These principles are justified from the written Law, and are represented as having been ordained in heaven. To what party or tendency in Judaism did the author belong ? Various answers have been given to this question, which will be fully discussed below. It is very diffi- cult to believe, as Dr. Charles contends, that the author was a Pharisee, for the positions he advocates are in many respects fundamentally opposed to later Pharisaic practice. In particular, how can any mem- ber of the Pharisaic party, which from its beginning championed popular religious custom, have advocated a solar, calendar ? More can be said for the view that the author Was a member of the Hasidim or ” pious ” (who must not be confounded with the Pharisees), while in a recent important discussion Leszynsky has made out a strong, if not quite convincing, case for Sadducean authorship. The Book has sometimes been styled a Midrash, but such a descriptive term needs some qualification. It claims to be a revela- tion, and not a mere exposition of Genesis and INTRODUCTION ix Exodus. At the same time, there is a certain Mid- rashic tendency observable in the way the author rewrites the older narratives, which reminds one of the work of the Chronicler as compared with the earlier canonical books which he remodelled. But Jubilees is not at all like the typical Midrash of the later Rabbinical period ; it is more independent, and resembles rather such works as the ” Chronicles of Jerahmeel,” or the earlier (narrative) part of the Apocalypse of Abraham.” The Book, which was probably composed in Hebrew, is divided into fifty chapters, and appears to be complete. Titles The Book was known under various titles, most of them in Greek as referred to in later. Greek writers. The most important are ” Jubilees ” ( ra ‘IwfyAcua or ol ‘IwfyXatoi) and ” the little Genesis ” (4 ktnrrj rfaais and variants). Both of these seem to go back to Hebrew originals, and there would thus appear to have been two authoritative Hebrew titles of the original Hebrew work, viz. ha-ydbeltm (or sefer hd-ydbeldlh), and Bereshith zutd. In the latter the epithet ” little ” l refers not to the extent of the work, but to its relatively inferior position as compared with the canonical Genesis. It is also noteworthy that a clear reference to our Book is made in the recently recovered fragments of a 11 Zadokite Work.” 2 The passage runs as follows (xx. i) : And as for the exact statement of their periods to put Israel in remembrance in regard to all these, behold it is treated accurately in the Book of the Divisions of the Seasons according to their Jubilees and their Weeks. This is remarkably like the opening words of the Prologue of our Book : This is the history of the division 1 Applied p.lso to certain minor midrashlm (” midrash ratt,” etc.). First published by Schechter in iqio (Cambridge Press). x INTRODUCTION of the days . . . of the events of the years according to their (year-) weeks, according to their jubilees. . . . Cf. also the colophon at the end of the Book : Herewith is completed the account of the division of the days. Other ‘titles of our Book are : The Atocalypse of Moses (Syncellus) ; The Testament df Moses (the Catena of Nicephonis) ; The Book of Adam’s ‘Daughters (perhaps applied only to a portion of fubilees) ; The Life of Adam (perhaps an amplified excerpt of oar Book). Versions and Original Language The complete text of the Book is extant in an Ethiopic Version, which is also the most accurate that has survived. Four MSS. of it are known, and are preserved in European Libraries, the two most important in the National Library in Paris and in the British Museum respectively. A critical edition of the text, based on all the known MSS., has been published by Dr. Charles (Oxford, 1895), which was preceded by an important one by Dillmann (published 1859). Fragments of a Greek, Latin and (possibly) a Syriac version are also extant. The fragments of the Greek version are contained in numerous citations in Justin Martyr, Origen, Diodorus of Antioch, Isidore of Alexandria, Epiphanius, Syncellus and other writers. The Latin version, of which about one-fourth has been preserved, is very valuable for the criticism of the text. The fragments that have survived were first published by Ceriani (in his Monumenta Sacra et Prof ana, 1861), and have been edited by Ronsch (1874), and more recently by Charles (in his edition of the Ethiopic text referred to above). What may possibly be a fragment of a Syriac Version of our Book is contained in a British Museum MS. (Add! 12154, fol. 180) entitled ” Names of the Wives of the Patriarchs according to the Hebrew Book called Jubilees.” But whether this INTRODUCTION xi is really part of a complete version is very doubtful (see Charles, op. cit.t Appendix iii.). It is generally agreed that both the Ethiopic and Latin versions were translated from the Greek which, it may be inferred from the large number of quotations scattered about in different writers over a wide period, must have been widely diffused. The fact that a Greek text underlies these versions is clear from such phenomena as the presence, in the Ethiopic, of transliterations of Greek words (e. g. rjXiov, “of the sun,” in xxxiv. n) ; proper names are transliterated as they appear in Greek, not in Hebrew ; and certain textual corruptions can only be explained by reference to an underlying Greek text. Similar phenomena characterize the Latin version. Thus in xxxviii. 12, ” timoris ” SuAm?, which is corrupt for SovAcms ; and sometimes the Greek has been mis- understood, as e. g. in xxxviii. 13, ” honorem “rtfirjv, which should have been rendered by ” tributum.” It is more difficult to determine whether a Semitic original underlies the Greek, and, if that be the case, whether the original Semitic text was Hebrew or Aramaic. It must be admitted that in a number of passages where the text of the canonical Genesis is cited the Ethiopic agrees with the LXX against all other authorities (see Charles’ Jubilees, p. xxxiv). But these cases are not, on the whole, either numerous or important.1 On the other hand, the Ethiopic often agrees with the LXX, supported by other authorities (especially the Samaritan text and version) against the Masoretic Hebrew text, and there are other variations in the textual phenomena. From a survey of these phenomena Charles deduces the conclusion, no doubt rightly, that ” our book attests an independent form of the Hebrew text of the Pentateuch. . . . Our book represents some form of the Hebrew text of the Pentateuch midway between the forms presupposed by the LXX and the Syriac.” 2 1 They may be due to assimilation in the Greek Version with the LXX. 2 Jubilees, p. xxxviii. xii INTRODUCTION It agrees with the LXX, or with combinations into which the LXX enters, more often than with any other authority or group of authorities. On the other hand, it is often independent of the LXX, and in a considerable number of cases attests readings, with the support of MT and Sam., agajnst the LXX, and manifestly superior to the latter.’ ‘It is note- worthy that it never agrees with M against all the other authorities. These phenomena suggest that the composition of Jubilees is to be assigned to ” some period between 250 B.C. (LXX version of the Pentateuch) and a.d. 100 [when M was finally fixed], and at a time nearer the earlier date than the latter.” l A number of considerations may be adduced which suggest that the original language of Jubilees was Hebrew. Thus mistranslations of Hebrew words occur, e. g. in xliii. 11, the word rendered (as cor- rected) ” I pray thee,” is, in the Ethiopic, ” in me ” a confusion of the Hebrew bi Scofuzt (Gen. xliv. 18) with the Hebrew word (spelt in exactly the same way) which “in me;” there are also numerous Hebraisms surviving in the Ethiopic and Latin versions,2 as well as paronomasiae based upon Hebrew words.8 It is noteworthy, also, that the author lays special stress upon the sacred character of Hebrew, which was originally the language of creation (cf. xii. 25-26; xliii. 15). Moreover, he represents his work as having emanated from Moses, and a genuinely Mosaic work would naturally be written in Hebrew. Finally, certain parts of Jubilees, or of something remarkably like Jubilees, have survived in Hebrew form in certain Hebrew books, especially the Chronicles of Jerahmeel, and the Midrash Tadshe. It is not improbable, also, that a Hebrew form of Jubilees was known to the compiler of the Pirke de R. Eliezer (see Friedlander’s Introduction to the latter book, p. xxii). The only ground for suggesting that the Semitic 1 Ob. (.it., p. xxxix. 1 Cf. 6. g. xxii. 10, ” eligere in te ” Heb. bdbar be. 3 See Charles, op. cit., p. xxxiii for details. INTRODUCTION xiii original may have been Aramaic rather than Hebrew is the presence of certain Aramaizing forms of proper names (e. g. Filistin, with the termination n instead of m) in the Latin version. But in all these cases the Ethiopic transliteration has m (not n), and it seems probable that the Aramaizing forms in these cases are due to the Latin translator, who there is other ground for supposing was a Palestinian Jew. We may, therefore, safely conclude that the original language of our Book was Hebrew. Affinities with other Literature Though there is no reason to doubt the essential unity of our Book (that is to say, that it was composed and written in its present form by one author), it is equally clear that this writer incorporated earlier traditions and legends into his work. Thus he refers explicitly to Noachic writings (xxi. 10; cf. x. 13), and has apparently incorporated two considerable sections of a ” Book of Noah ” in vii. 20-39 anc x- 1-15. It is well-known that this Noachic Book was also one of the sources of the Book of Enoch, 1 Enoch, vi.-xi., lx., lxv.-lxix. 25, and cvi.-cvii. being probably derived from it. There is reason, also, to believe that the author of Jubilees was acquainted with some form of the Book of Enoch (1 Enoch). According to Charles the parts of 1 Enoch with which our author was acquainted are 1 Enoch vi.-xvi., xxiii.-xxxvi. and lxxii.-xc. He seems clearly to refer to the last section in iv. 17 : And he [Enoch] was the first among men that are born on earth who learnt writing and knowledge and wisdom and who wrote down the signs of heaven according to the order of their months in a book, that men might know the seasons of Hie years according to the order of their separate months. Here the Enoch-book referred to forms a description of 1 Enoch’ lxxii.-lxxxii. (” the Book of the courses of the Heavenly Luminaries “), while iv. 19 [And xiv INTRODUCTION what was and what will be he saw in a vision of his sleep, as it will happen to the children of men throughout their generations until the day of judgement ; he saw and understood everything, and wrote his testimony, and placed the testimony on earth for all the children of men and for their generations) forms an exact descrip- tion of the ” Dream-Visions ” in I Enoch lxxxiii.-xc.1 There are also a number of parallels with the Testa- ments of the XII Patriarchs, but these are not sufficient to show dependence on either side; the phenomena rather suggest that both writers are using common sources: ct. xxviii. 9; xxx. 2-6, 18, 25; xxxi. 3-4, 13, 15, 16; xxxii. 1, 8; xxxiii. 1, 2, 4; xxxiv. 1-9; xxxvii.-xxxviii. ; xli. 8-14, 24-25; xlvi. 6-9. It has already been mentioned that a knowledge of our Book seems to be presupposed in some of the later Jewish literature. Thus the Chronicles of Jerahmeel, a late compilation written in Hebrew, contains much material, common to Jubilees ; at times it reproduces the actual words of the text of the latter. Another late Jewish work, the Midrash Tadshe, contains passages which are largely identical with portions of the text of our Book. This Midrash was compiled in its present form by Moses ha- Darshan in the eleventh century a.d., but is based upon a much earlier work by R. Pinchas b. Jair (end of second century, a.d.), who utilized materials from our Book. Besides the above, our Book appears to have been known to the compiler of the Samaritan Chronicle (twelfth century, a.d.), and also to the compiler of the Pirke de K. Eliezer (finally redacted in the ninth century a.d.). In fact, in both cases there is implicit a certain amount of polemic (espe- cially in calendar-matters) against the positions advocated in Jubilees. But besides this, there is a remarkable parallelism in subject-matter between our Book and the Pirke de K. Eliezer, to which Friedlander calls attention. He points out that both ” are alike in being practically Midrashic para- 1 For further parallels see Charles, Jubilees, pp. lxviii ft. INTRODUCTION xv phrases and expansions of the narratives contained in the Book of Genesis and part of the Book of Exodus. . . . Both books deal with the Calendar . . . and in this respect they recall the Books of Enoch.” Both ” have chapters setting forth the story of the Creation (Mdaseh Bereshith). . . . The past is re- called and the future revealed. The nature of God, angels and man is unfolded. We read of sin and grace, repentance and atonement, good and evil, life and death, Paradise and Gehenna, Satan and Messiah.” l Numerous references to Jubilees occur in Christian literature (patristic period and later), where long extracts from the Book are often cited, and by name. These have been collected by Charles (op. cit., pp. lxxvii ff.), who also cites a number of parallels oetween our Book and the New Testament. But these are somewhat vague, and are hardly sufficient to establish any real or direct connexion. The Special Aims and General Character of the Book It is obvious that Jubilees is dominated by certain interests and antipathies. It is to a large extent polemical in character, and its author desires at once to protest against certain tendencies which, in his view, threaten true religion, and to inculcate certain reforms. Incidentally it commends certain religious practices, and endeavours to invest them with en- hanced sanctions. In the forefront, as its name (” the Book of Jubilees “) suggests,2 stands the question of the Calendar. It is all important in the author’s view that the divinely ordained principle according to which history is divided up by year-weeks (t. e. periods of 7 years) and Jubilees (i. e. periods of 7×7 years) is recognized (cf. i. 26 f.). Accordingly, he gives a history from Creation to Moses, in which the sequence of events is recorded and dated exactly 1 Op. cit.,p xafii,. y 1 This is obscured by such titles as ” the little Genesis,” ” the Apocalypse of Moses,” etc. xvi INTRODUCTION by jubilee-periods, or portions of such. This leads up to a final section in which the law respecting jubilees and sabbatical years is solemnly enjoined. The writer’s aim seems to have been nothing less than a reformation of the Jewish. Calendar. The pre- vailing system has led to the nation ,” forgetting ” new moons, festivals, and sabbaths ‘(and ( ?) jubilees) ; in other words, it has produced grave irregularities in the observance of matters which were of divine obligation. A cardinal feature of the writer’s system is the jubilee-period, which consists of 7 X 7 (1. e. 49) years. Here we are confronted with a difficulty. The passage in Lev. (xxv. 8-14) which ordains the observ- ance of the jubilee-year expressly identifies this, in the present form of the text, with the fiftieth year (Lev. xxv. 10 and n). But it is incredible that the author of our Book would deliberately have violated the express injunctions of the Pentateuch on such a matter, and we are driven to conclude that he had a text before him in which the word ” fiftieth ” was absent.2 The wording of verses 8 and 9 is ambiguous, and allows of the explanation that the jubilee-year was the forty-ninth and not the fiftieth. It is quite possible that in verses 10 and n ” fiftieth ” has been addeo) to the text, in the interests of the rival explanation that ultimately prevailed, for, as has been pointed out already, our Book presupposes a text of the Penta- teuch that is independent of and earlier than M.T. This explanation suffers from the difficulty that the LXX- and other ancient versions (including the Samaritan text) support the currently received reading. But it is not improbable that on sucji a matter the influence of orthodox views may have operated to bring their text of the verses into harmony with the currently accepted theory.8 1 vi. 34; cf. i. 10. 1 So Leszvnsky, Die Sadduzaer, pp. 156 ff. It should be noted that the Talmud (T.B., Ned , 61a) refers to the view (held by R. Jehuda) that the jubilee-period was forty-nine years. INTRODUCTION xvii But more revolutionary is the writer’s advocacy of a solar calendar. In ii. 9 he says, ” God appointed the sun to be a great sign upon the earth for days and for sabbaths, and for feasts and for years and for jubilees and for all seasons of the years.” In Gen. i. 14 this function is assigned to the sun and the moon ; but in our Book the moon is deliberately excluded. The writer objected fiercely to the traditional calendar which was based upon the changes of the moon, and was adjusted to the solar year by means of inter- calation. How can his apparent violation of the express wording of Scripture be explained? His answer would probably have been that the solar year of 364 days (cf. vi. 32) was actually the system implied in the Pentateuch. It has been pointed out by Bacon 1 that in the P sections of the Flood- narrative in Genesis a year of 364 days is pre-supposed. It is said that the Flood began on the 17th day of the second month, and ended on the 27th day of the second month the following year, i. e. reckoning by the ordinary lunar months, 12 months ( 12 x 20, days) or 354 days 10 days (to make up the solar year), or 364 days in all, this completing the one whole year which, according to the Babylonian source, was the length of the Flood’s duration. Thus the author of Jubilees had a dogmatic basis within the text of the Pentateuch itself for his view that the true year was a solar one of 364 days. He may very well have believed that whatever may be the exact significance of Gen. i. 14, it could not override this fact. It is interesting to notice that this tradition of a solar year of 364 days should be implicit in the P sections of Genesis. There are strong reasons for believing that the author of Jubilees was a priest, and, as such, may have been acquainted in some special way with this priestly tradition. There are, however, difficulties in connexion with the reckoning of such a solar year. It is obvious that a year of 12 months, each 1 In Hebraxca, vol. viii. (1891-2), cited by Charles on vi. 32. B xviii INTRODUCTION of which contains 30 days, will only yield a total cf 360 days. It has been supposed that our author overcame this difficulty by inserting one intercalary day at the beginning of each quarter. Thus each three months would contain 31 -f 30 -f 30 ( 91) days. But this solution will not harmonjze with the date assigned by our author to the Feast of Weeks, which is the ” middle ” of the third month (xvi. 13). Scholars are agreed that the 15th of Sivan is meant. Now the Feast of Weeks was to be celebrated on the fiftieth day, counting from the “morrow ” after the Sabbath of Passover (Lev. xxiii. 15 f.). The Phari- sees, as is well known, interpreted ” Sabbath ” here to be the first day of the Feast (Nisan 15th), whatever the day of the week on Which it fell, and reckoned from Nisan 16th, which would bring the Feast of Weeks to Sivan 6th. Another view, with which our Book agrees, interpreted ‘ sabbath ” as M week ” (as in fact it has this meaning throughout the rest of the verse). Then render : And ye shall count unto you from ,the morrow after the (festival) week, from the day that ye bring the wave-sheaf, seven complete weeks shall there be, until the morrow after the seventh week ye shall number fifty days : the festival-week would be Nisan 15-21, and its ” morrow ” Nisan 22; reckon- ing 28 days to the month, this would leave 6 days in Nisan -f- 28 days in Iyar -f- 15 in Sivan 49 — Nisan 22 50 days. This seems to have been the reckoning of our author. Moreover, since the year he advocates contains 364 days, the festivals would always fall upon the same day of the week, and as Nisan 1st the first day of Creation fell, according to his scheme, on the first day of the week, i. e. Sunday, it must always fall on that day ; thus Nisan 14th and 21st would always fall on a Sabbath, while Nisan 22nd and Sivan 15th would always fall on a Sunday. To make the Feast of Weeks fall on the 1st day of the week was a Sadducean practice, and one that it is inconceivable that any Pharisee can ever have sanctioned or tolerated. It will be noticed, however, INTRODUCTION xix that the view of our author, according to which the Feast of Weeks falls on Sivan 15th, implies a reckoning of 28 days to the months Nisan and Iyar. How is this to be reconciled with a solar year of 12 months? Eppstein supposes that our author used two reckon- ings, one for the civil year of 12 months, 8 of 30, and 4 of 31 days, and an ecclesiastical year of 13 months each containing 28 days. But it is difficult to believe that the writer used two systems side by side. A better solution would be that he added a week to every third month, which would make each 3 months consist of 28 -f- 28 -f- 35 days (total 91 days), or 4 4 5 weeks. It is evident that his calendar-system is based upon the number 7 ; thus each month consists of 4 X 7 (or 5 X 7) days, while the year consists of 52 X 7 days, the year-week of 7 years, and the jubilee of 7 X 7 years. On this reckoning the Feast of Weeks would still fall on the 15th of Sivan, but the 15th would not strictly be the ” middle ” of that month, which, ex hypothesi, consisted of 35 days. It might, however, be used loosely for such a date. Perhaps, too, the author desired to avoid specifying more particularly this date, because current Sadducean practice (based upon a different length of days assigned to the months) wouid not quite harmonize with it.1 With regard to the Passover, it is noticeable that our author interprets the phrase ” between the two evenings ” (at which time the Passover lamb was to be slain, cf. Exod. xii. 6; Lev. xxiii. 5) to mean the third part of the day (xlix, 10) ; i. e. assuming the day to contain 12 hours, we may fix the third part as from 2 to 6 p.m. This, again, contradicts Pharisaic practice. Notable, too, is the mention of wine in connexion with the Pass- over : All Israel [i. e. in Egypt] was eating the flesh 1 Thu9 the Abyssinian Jews (Falashas), maintaining old practice, reckon the 50 days from Nisan 22, as our author does, but fix Sivan 12 as the date for the Feast of Weeks, as they use alterna;te months of 30 and 29 days. It should be noted that the author of 1 Enoch lxxii -lxxxii. also advocates a year of 364 days. xx INTRODUCTION of the paschal lamb and drinking the wine (xlix. 6). Now this was a Pharisaic custom in later times, and has no basis, apparently, in the canonical account in Exodus. In view, however, of the fact that our author usually follows the prescriptions of Scripture with scrupulous care, the question ariseswhether he did not, in fact, derive this from the Pentateuch. Leszynsky suggests that the word rendered ” bitter herbs ” in Exod. xii. 8 (” with bitter herbs shall they eat it “) was interpreted by our author to mean ” wine ” the word simply means ” bitter,” or ” what is poisonous,” and a cognate form is used in connexion with wine in Deut. xxxii. 32. It is certainly curious that our author makes no mention of ” bitter herbs ” in connexion with the Egyptian Passover. The Feast of Tabernacles, too, as described in our Book (xvi. 10-31), has certain peculiar features. In particular, the specifically Pharisaic custom of pouring water on the altar a at the Feast is not men- tioned or recognized. Now as early as the time of Alexander Jannaeus (102-76 B.C.) the Pharisees tried to enforce the adoption of this custom upon the Sadducean priest-king, who, to show his contempt, allowed the water, which should have been poured solemnly on the altar, to run over his feet. The protest that ensued was followed later by a massacre of Pharisees. It is difficult to believe that our author, a few years earlier, if he was himself a Pharisee, could have been ignorant of this custom, which was based upon old popular tradition. His silence concerning it is much more probably deliberate. The custom was objectionable, from the Sadducean standpoint, because it had no basis in the written Law. The custom of wearing wreaths upon the head which is here prescribed (xvi. 30) is also unknown to tradition ; nor has it, apparently, any Scriptural basis, unless it was inferred as an act of rejoicing, from the words ” and ye shall rejoice before the Lord your God seven days ” (Lev. xxiii. 40), taken in conjunction with the 1 Op. cit., pp. 207 ff. Cf. R.W.S., p. 401 f. INTRODUCTION xxi ‘ ‘ command (in tlie preceding clause) to take ” branches of palm trees, and boughs of thick trees, and willows of the brook.” Wearing a wreath of palm-leaves may have been regarded as one of the ways in which this command was to be fulfilled. Even more striking are the sections which give directions about the observance of the Sabbath (1. 1-13; cf. ii. 29-30). These directions are very severe. The following actions are prohibited on the Sabbath under penalty of death : travelling by land or sea, buying or selling, drawing water, carrying burdens out of the house, killing or striking, snaring beasts, birds or fish, fasting or making war, marital intercourse. The last prescription is in direct opposi- tion to Pharisaic practice, as is also the severe penalty imposed for non-observance of the various prescrip- tions. It is interesting to notice that these agree with the practice still maintained by the Falashas, Samaritans, and Karaite Jews. Probably this rigid view of sabbath-observance was cherished in specially pious priestly circles at the time when our author wrote. In this connexion it may be noted that our Book, in its interpretation of the law about the fruit of newly-planted trees given in Lev. xix. 23-24, agrees with the view of the Samaritans and Karaite Jews in directing that the first fruits of the fruit of the fourth year should be offered on the altar, and what remained given to the priests. According to Pharisaic practice what remained was to be eaten by the owners within the walls of Jerusalem. Another point in which Jubilees upholds a view which is certainly not Pharisaic is on the question of the law of retribution, the so-called lex talionis. It is well known that while the Sadducees insisted on the strict letter of the Law, ” an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth,” the Pharisees strove to mitigate its harshness by the substitution (except in the case of murder J of compensating money -payments. Moreover,1 tneMish’na directs that where the death- penalty is inflicted it is to be carried out by the xxii INTRODUCTION sword (cf. Sanhedrin ix. I : ” These are to be be- headed “). Qur Book, however, seems to wage a polemic against such views in no uncertain language : Tate no gifts for the blood of man lest it be shed with impunity, ‘without judgement ; for it is the blood that is shed that causes the earth to sin, and the tarth cannot be cleansed from the blood of man save by the blood of him who shed it. A nd take no present or gift for the Uood of man ; blood for blood (xxi. 19 f.). In iv. 31 f the circumstances of Cain’s death are described : his house fell upon him and he died in the midst of his house ; for with a stone he had killed A bet, and by a stone was he killed in righteous judgement. For this reason it was ordained on the heavenly tables : ” With the instrument with which a man kills his neighbour, with the same shall he be killed ; after the manner that he wounded him, in like manner shall, they deal with him.” It is true that a school of Pharisees (the School of Shammai) still, to some extent, upheld, in theory at any rate, the severer and older view. But this does not alter the fact that it was a distinctive tenet of the Sadducees; and it is difficult to believe that any Pharisee can, at any time, have used such unqualified language as that employed in the extracts given above.2 At this point we may well ask what was the author’s attitude towards the belief in a future life ? At the time when he wrote the doctrine of the resurrection of the body had become well established in certain Jewish circles. In the Biook of Daniel it had re- ceived classical expression. It was a cherished belief of the Pharisaic party. Now our Book does not in any way accept such a belief. The one passage in which the language employed might, at first sight, suggest a hint of such a belief is a sentence describing the happiness of the righteous in the age of felicity which is to dawn : 1 This would be allowed in certain cases of homicide (not deliberate murder) by the Rabbinical Law. 1 Cf. however, xlviii, 14 note, INTRODUCTION xxiii And at that time the Lord will heal His servants, And they will rise up and see great peace, And drive out their adversaries (xxiii. 30). But here there is probably no reference to the idea of a resurrection. As Charles points out, the words 11 shall rise up ” have here ” apparently no reference to the resurrection, and mean merely that when God heals His servants (cf. Rev. xxii. 2) they become strong.” The clause in the preceding verse, all their days will be days of blessing and healing (cf . also i. 29) renders ” this view the most probable.” On the other hand, the opening words of xxiii. 31 : And their bones will rest in the earth, And their spirits will have much joy, though they are susceptible of another interpretation, may point to a belief that the righteous dead are destined to enjoy a blessed immortality. But it is to be noticed that no emphasis is laid on the idea ; and in any case no countenance is given to the doctrine of resurrection. This attitude accords with the Sadducean position. What the Sadducees main- tained was that the resurrection doctrine could not be proved from the Pentateuch. They did not assert that the personality was annihilated at death, or deny the doctrine of immortality indeed, it is by no means impossible that some sections of the Sadducean party accepted this doctrine ; but in general their position towards this question apart From that of the bodily resurrection was cautious and reserved. And this certainly seems to be the attitude of our author. It should be noted that Sheol is represented somewhat vaguely and in poetical passages as a place of punishment for the wicked (vii. 29; xxii. 22; xxiv. 31). This looks like the converse of the idea that the righteous dead are destined to enjoy a blessed immortality. In this connexion a word may be said about the angelology and demonology of our Book. These are in a fairly advanced stage, and imply much the same develop- ment as is to be seen in 1 Enoch and the Testaments of xxiv INTRODUCTION the XII Patriarchs. There are three classes of angels, two of a superior order, the angels of the presence, and the angels of sanctiftcation (cf. ii. 2, 18), and, besides these, a numerous inferior order who presided over natural phenomena (ii. 2). It is note- worthy that the two superior orders are Represented as observing the Sabbath, and as fulfilling the pre- scriptions of the Law regarding circumcision, etc. ; they even observe in heaven the great festivals, such as the Feast of Weeks (vi. 18). x Various activities are assigned to the angels in connexion with mankind throughout our Book? Over against the angelic orders there stands a well- organized demonic kingdom, presided over by ” the prince of the Mastma ‘ (cf. xvii. 16; xlviii. 2; xviii. 9, 12, etc.).3 Among the Satanic beings that appear in our Book is Beliar (i. 20). What is the attitude of our author towards the Messianic Hope? The hope for the coming of the Messianic King who should spring from the old Royal House of David was always cherished among the masses of the people, and in times of unusual stress was apt to flame up in vivid expression. The Pharisees, who themselves sprang from the ranks of the people, were naturally influenced bv this tradition, and gave literary expression to it in the Psalms of Solomon (70-40 B.C. ?). But at the time when our author wrote the desire for a Messianic King of the House of David was probably only latent. A period of national prosperity came in during the reign of John Hyrcanus, and the people generally were well content. It is not to be supposed, however, that the popular hope had completely died away. It was merely quiescent. On the other hand, 1 Besides the above there were the seventy angelic patrons of the nations (xv. 31 and note) and the guardian angels of individuals (xxxv. 17). For details see Charles, op. cit., p. lvii f. This is the light form of the expression (not ” prince Mastema “) : “MastSma” in derivation and meanings “Satn” (cf, x, 8pote), INTRODUCTION xxv there was a party, which no doubt had its seat in the priesthood, and may represent the old Sadducean party, that claimed for the priesthood not only sacerdotal but also ruling functions: Levi’s descend- ants are not only to be priests, but also the civil rulers of the nation, and this view receives expression in our Book (cf. xxxi. 15). Now it is well known that the Pharisees objected to the double office being exercised by one person, and when Alexander Jan- naeus assumed the title of ” king ” this feeling broke out into open hostility. At a somewhat later time a Pharisaic author in the Psalms of Solomon, looking back upon the terrible events that followed the break- up of the Hasmonean dynasty, evidently regards the bloody chastisement which the Jews had to endure at that time from the hands of the Romans as the punishment inflicted on the people for having acquiesced in the usurpation by the Hasmoneans of the royal dignity which had been reserved for the Messianic prince of the House of David. Especially significant in this connexion is the promise recounted in our Book of Levi (xxxii. 1) : And he abode that night at Bethel, and Levi dreamed that they had ordained and made him the Priest of the Most High God, him and his sons for ever. This, originally the title of the priest-king Melchizedek (Gen. xiv. 18), was revived by the Maccabean princely High Priests, and there is some evidence that in certain ( ? Sadducean) quarters it was expected that the Messiah would spring from the tribe of Levi, and even from the priestly ruling Maccabean house.1 The one possible reference to the hope of a Messiah from Judah in our Book occurs in the blessing of Judah, xxxi. 18 : A prince shalt thou be, thou and one of thy sons over the sons of facob ; Here Judah is addressed, and is singled out for special honour by the side of Levi. This was only 1 Cf. TesfLevi, xviii. ; Reuben, vi. ; Ps. ex. 4 ( ? addressed to Simon Maccabaeus). The Pharisees objected to the use pf this title. xxvi INTRODUCTION natural, as the Jews derived their name from the tribe of Judah, who may be regarded as a sort of symbol of the nation generally. But who is meant by ” one of thy sons ‘ ? Some would see in this a reference to the expected Messiah, but if this be so it is very vague. It is much more likely that the historic David is’ meant. The priestly ‘author is significantly silent about a Davidic Messiah. Any Messiah he may have hoped for would, according to his view, spring from the tribe of Levi. He does not accept the view that the Davidic dynasty is of eternal duration, even ideally. May he not, too, have been thinking, in the address to Judah, of Judas Maccabaeus ? x Judas by his warlike exploits had shed a new glory on the name ” Judah.” But Judas himself belonged to the priestly family of the Has- moneans, and it would be easy for our author to see in him the embodiment of the glories of the tribe of Judah, without diminishing the claims of the priestly tribe to civil as well as sacerdotal primacy. In the same context (xxxi. 20) two lines occur in the address to Judah which run as follows : And when thou sittest on the throne of the honour of thy righteousness, There will be great peace for all the seed of the sons of the beloved. The exact meaning of these words is not clear. They can hardly refer to the expected Messiah from David’s House, because in that case the context would demand the use of the third person, whereas the second person is employed and Judah is being addressed. Leszynsky suggests that here in the Hebrew original there may be an allusion to the Sadducees, suggested by a word-play in the Hebrew word for ” righteousness ” (sedek). But even so the sentence is not clear. Is our author still thinking of Judas Maccabaeus? If so, he may mean “and when thou (Judas), in the person of thy High-Priestly successors, sittet as Priest-king on thy Sadducean 1 So Leszynsky. INTRODUCTION xxvii throne of honour. It must be admitted that this is not very convincing, and the sentence remains obscure and uncertain in meaning. But of the high position assigned by our author to the tribe of Levi there can be no doubt. The lofty position of High- Priest and civil ruler is assigned to Levi as a reward for the destruction of Shechem (cf. xxx. 17-23 ; xxxii. 1-3). As Kohler says : ” The Levites are represented as the keepers of the sacred books and of the secret lore entrusted to them by the saints from of yore (xlv. ify cf. x. 14). This indicates that the priests and Levites still included among them- selves, as in the days of the author of the Book of Chronicles, the men of learning, the masters of the schools, and that these positions were not filled by men from among the people, as was the case in the time of Shammai and Hillel.” Other features of our Book entirely accord with this. For instance, the glorification of the Patriarchs in which our author loves to indulge is the development of a tendency already marked in the Priestly Sections of the Hexateuch.1 In Jubilees they become saints of the Law. Incidents which might reflect discredit upon them (such as that described in Gen. xii. 11-13) are omitted. Abram is represented as having known the true God from his youth (xi. 16-17; xii. iff.). Jacob is ” a model of filial affection and obedience.” A noticeable feature is also the insistence upon the unique position of Israel among the nations, and its rigid separation from the latter. Circumcision is a sign of Israel’s elect position (xv. 26) and a privilege which they enjoy in common with the two chief orders of angels (xv. 27). This is also true of the Sabbath, which the same angelic orders observe with Israel. It is needless to add that our author glorifies the Law, which is of heavenly origin and everlasting validity. This is his estimate of the Law in its narrow sense, i. e. the Pentateuch. It is by this criterion that he measures everything. It is true that Jubilees 1 See Carpenter, Hexateuch, i. 123 (cited by Charles). xxviii INTRODUCTION contains incidents and amplifications which are not to be found in the written Torah. But the author is careful to base everything that is of legal obliga- tion upon the letter of the Law itself. Anything that he allows himself to introduce by way of amplifi- cation or addition serves merely to enhance the obligation of the written precept: ‘ ‘ Finally, his eschatology is essentially that of one who is primarily interested in the Law. In xxiii. 12-31, he introduces an apocalyptic passage which gives a history of the Maccabean times from the persecution of Antiochus Epiphanes to the Messianic Kingdom, the advent of which is just at hand. A dark picture is drawn of the inroads of Hellenism, and of its disintegrating effects upon the observance of the Law and the covenant (xxiii. 16-20) ; the warlike efforts of the Maccabees to reclaim the Hellenizers to Judaism are then described (xxiii. 20-22), and the cry of the nation for deliverance from its calamities (xxiii. 23-25). Then follows a passage (xxiii. 26-32) in which, as a consequence of Israel s renewed study of the Law, a happier period follows. The Messianic Kingdom is to be ” brought about gradually by the progressive spiritual develop- ment of man and a corresponding transformation of nature.” Its members are ” to attain to the full limit of 1000 years in happiness and peace.” Prof. Charles adds : ” The writer of Jubilees, we can hardly doubt, thought that the era of the Messianic Kingdom had already set in.” The important point to notice about this picture is that the dawn of the happier Age is brought about by renewed study and observance of the Law : And in those days the children will begin to study the laws, And to seek the commandments, And to return to the path of righteousness (xxiii. 26). The result is a gradual transformation of men and their environment. There is no catastrophe. It is 1 Op. cit., p. bcxxvii, INTRODUCTION xxix doubtful whether the author clearly envisages a final judgement, though there may be an allusion to such, in rather vague language., in xxiii. 30 f. The tone throughout is priestly, and it can hardly be doubted that the author was a priest. Authorship and Date According to Charles, the author was not only a priest but a Pharisee ” of the straitest sect.” We have already seen that many of the positions advo- cated in the Book are essentially un-Pharisaic in character. Such a fundamentally Pharisaic doctrine as the resurrection of the body is not accepted, and it is more than doubtful whether the author looked for the advent of a Davidic Messiah. Moreover, it is difficult to conceive any Pharisee at any time advocating the adoption of a solar calendar. Then, again, though there were, of course, Pharisaic priests in later times, when the influence of Pharisaism had become all-powerful, it would certainly be remarkable to find. in the second century B.C. so priestly a writer as our author a member of the Pharisaic party. For that party arose from the ranks of the people. It was essentially a lay movement, and it championed popular religious, as opposed to priestly, tradition. All this has been instinctively felt by the Jewish scholars 1 who have discussed the problems connected with the authorship and general character of our Book. By these scholars our Book has been variously as- cribed to Essene (Jellinek, 1855), Samaritan (Beer, 1856-7), Hellenist (Frankel, 1856), and Jewish- Christian (Singer, 1898) authorship. None of these views is entirely satisfactory. More can be said for the view that the, author belonged to the party if party it can be called of the Hasidim (” Assideans ” or ” Hasideans “) who are referred to in 1 Maccabees.2 1 With the distinguished exception of Dr. K. Kohlcr (in JE, s.v. Jubilees), who accepts Charles’s view, though he suggests that t!he book may reflect early Hasidaean practice. 2 Cf . 1 Mace, vii xxx ir. INDUCTION These ” piolis ” members of the Jewish community were devoted adherents 6f the Law, and banded themselves together to resist the Hellenizers even unto death. They must not be confounded with the Pharisees, who may, however, have been influenced by them. There is nothing to show that the earlier Hasidim accepted popular religious tradition which had no basis in the written Law. Indeed, the reverse is probable. We know that, in spite of their anti- Hellenism, they scrupled to oppose the legitimate High Priest, even when he was on the Greek side. On the other hand, it is doubtful ‘whether they would have countenanced the claim that the priests should exercise civil rule, while, as we have seen, the author of Jubilees distinctly takes up this position, and appears to have been an admirer of the Maccabean Priest-Princes at any rate, of John Hyrcanus l and Simon Maccabaeus. Still there is a certain affinity between our author and the Hasidim, and if he was not actually a ” Hasid,” he may very well have been in sympathy with members of that party in fundamental religious positions. Recently Leszyn- sky,2 has maintained the thesis that Jubilees was written by a Sadducean author, and, it must be admitted, makes out a strong case. Unfortunately, scholars are not yet agreed as to the real character and position of the Sadducean party, but of recent years there has been a growing consensus of opinion that the party had a real religious basis. It was not, as it is sometimes represented to have been, a mere political party of worldly opportunists who used religious questions as a stick to beat the Pharisees, who represented true religion, while the real interests 1 It is true that John Hyrcanus favoured the Pharisees, according to Josephus (Ant., xiii. 10, 5), who even speaks of him as their ” disciple.” But this probably means no more than that he adopted a conciliatory attitude towards them. He also had intimate friends among the Sadducees (Josephus, Ant., xiii. 10, 6). Die Sadduzdcr (1912), pp. 179-236. INTRODUCTION xxxi r of their opponents were to safeguard their privileged position and wealth. If such books as Sirach are really, in any sense, Sadducean, and if we weigh the evidence of Josephus impartially, we may conclude that the real Sadducees represented the conservative tradition of the old scribal schools which grew up under priestly influence. The Sadducees stood for the written Law of Moses against the oral tradition, derived from popular religious elements, represented by the Pharisees. What could not be proved from the Law they refused to accept. Their essential objection to the new doctrine of the resurrection of the body was that it could not be proved from the Law. They stood for priestly privilege against the democratic tendencies of the Pharisees, who wished to bring in the laity as much as possible. It was natural that this party should be strong among the priests, and especially among families connected with the High Priesthood. The best members of it were, no doubt, pious devotees of the Law. This is not to say that worldly-minded members of the party did not exist. No doubt there were such, and some such men may have found it convenient to attach them- selves to the Sadducean party. There were also worldly and hypocritical adherents in the ranks of the Pharisees. But in neither case is it just to estimate the essential character of the party from such elements. The persistence of the Sadducean party for so long a time within Judaism suggests that it possessed elements of real vitality and vigour. No doubt, also, it was divided into sections one such is known to us as the sect of the Brethusians. In view of its long continuance as an active party, and its significance in the history of Judaism, it must have stood for something more than mere negations. While it rejected the resurrection doctrine, the hope of a Davidic Messiah, and the Pharisaic oral tradition, it upheld the sole binding force of the written Torah, and emphasized priestly privilege. Judged by these criteria, our author may well have xxxii INTRODUCTION been a pious Sadducean priest. It is not necessary, of course, to suppose that all the positions upheld in our Book were commonly accepted by the Sadducean party. Our author had views of his own, particularly regarding the calendar which at the time when he wrote seems to have been a burning subject of debate which would not necessarily have commended themselves to the party generally. It is to be noted that the positions he upholds on other matters often agree with those of the Samaritans and Falashas and Karaite Jews, who are well-known to represent old Sadducean views on various points. On one point of detail the Ethiopic text of our Book does uphold a specifically Pharisaic view. In xvi. 18, Israel is spoken of as destined to become a kingdom and priests and a holy . nation. This is an echo of Exod. xix. 6, but there the Hebrew text has a kingdom of priests (” And ye shall be unto me a kingdom of priests and an holy nation “). Now the alteration yielded by the text of our Book here reflects the Pharisaic exegesis of this passage; the same altera- tion appears also in Rev. v. 10 (cf. i. 6). The Pharisees were anxious to separate the kingdom from the priesthood, and expounded Exod. xix. 6 in this way, as the Jewish Targums attest. But the original text of our Book can hardly have been under any such influence. Such an exegesis would contradict the express claims made for the priesthood elsewhere in the Book. The Latin version, which has ” a kingdom of priests ” (as in the original Hebrew text in Exod. xix. 6), is no doubt right. Probably the Ethiopic scribe was influenced by the form of the text in Rev. v. io, and introduced it here. We may sum up by saying that the author was undoubtedly a pious priest, a devoted adherent of the Law, and an upholder of priestly tradition ; he was certainly not a Pharisee, but has affinities with the Hasidun or ” pious ” of early Maccabean times; not improbably he was a Sadducean priest. The exact date of the composition of Jubilees cannot be INTRODUCTION xxxiii fixed with absolute certainty, but no doubt, as Charles has argued, it falls some time within the reigns of Simon Maccabseus or John Hyrcanus, the flourish- ing period of the Hasmonean rule. This, at any rate, may be inferred from the historical sketch embodied in the apocalyptic passage, xxiii. 12-31, and is rein- forced by a number of other considerations. The date to which the various phenomena point is some time in the last half of the second century B.C. Bibliography The important edition of the Ethiopic text by Charles has already been referred to, as well as his English translation of the Book with Introduction and Notes (1902). This translation has also been reprinted (with an Introduction and Notes) in the Oxford Corpus (vol. ii. Pseudepigrapha, 1913) and is reproduced in the pages that follow. The most recent, and in many respects the most important, discussion of Jubilees is contained in Leszynsky’s Die Sadduzder (Berlin, 1912), pp. 179- 236. Leszynsky’s arguments have been referred to fully above. Kohler’s article in JE, vol. vii. (” Jubilees Book of “) is interesting and useful. Of earlier works the following are important : Jellinek, Ueber das Buck der Jubilden (1855) ; Beer, Das Buck der Jubilden und sein Verhdltniss zu den Midraschitn (Leipzig, 1856) ; also Noch ein Wort uber das Buck der Jubilden (1857) Frankel in M onatsschrijt (1856) ; Singer, Das Buck der Jubilden oder die Leplogenesis (Stuhlweissenburg, 1898). There is a good discussion in Schurer GJV., iii. 371-384, with full Bibliography. SHORT TITLES, ABBREVIATIONS AND BRACKETS USED IN THIS EDITION i Enoch The Ethiopic Book of Enoch. 2 Enoch The Slavonic Book of Enoch. Ap. Bar. The Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch. Pirke de R. Eliezer is cited according to the edition (finglioh tmnrlntion with iwtnr hy Wi Qi ft QijLli1c)i, P.P., -em4 4JI Bom M.A.) of G. Friedlander (London, 1916). MT Masoretic text. Sam. Samaritan version, and Hebrew text in Samaritan characters when both agree. Syr. the Syriac version of the Old Testament. Vulg. Vulgate. ( ) Words or letters so enclosed are supplied by the editor from some other source. [ ] Words so enclosed are interpolated. t t Words so enclosed are corrupt. Charles’s Jubilees The Booh of Jubilees translated from the Ethiopic Text, by R. H. Charles, D.D. (London, 1902). JE Jewish Encyclopaedia. RWS Religion and Worship of the Synagogue (1911). THE BOOK OF JUBILEES Prologue This is the history of the division of the days l of the law and of the testimony, of the events of the years, of 2 their (year) weeks, of their jubilees through- out all the years of the world,3 as the Lord spake to Moses on Mount Sinai when he went up to receive the tables of the law and of the commandment, according to the voice of God as He said unto him, ” Go up to the top of the Mount.” 4 God’s Revelation tc Moses on Mount Sinai (i. 1-26 : cf. Ex. xxiv. 15-18). I. And it came to pass in the first year of the exodus of the children of Israel out of Egypt, in the third month,6 on the sixteenth day of the month, that God spake to Moses-; saying : ” Come up to Me on the Mount, and I will give thee two tables of stone of the law and of the commandment, which I have written, that thou mayst teach them.” 8 2. And Moses went up into the mount of God, and the glory of the Lord abode on Mount Sinai, and a cloud over- shadowed it six days. 3. And He called to Moses on 1 The Prologue sums up the contents of the Book as at once a history and a chronological system based upon the number seven. i.e. according to (their year-weeks) : a year-week seven years (cf. Lev. xxv. 8 f.). 8 The writer apparently intended to write a history from Creation to the establishment of the Messianic Kingdom. 4 Cf. ExbcT. xxiv. 12. Cf. Exod. xix. 1. 8 Cf. Exod. xxiv. 12. 35 36 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap. I the seventh day out of the midst of the cloud, and the appearance of the glory of the Lord was like a flaming fire on the top of the Mount. 4. And Moses was on the Mount forty days and forty nights, and God taught him the earlier and the later history of the division of all the days of the law, and of the testimony. 5. And He said : ” Incline thine heart to every word which I shall speak to thee on this Mount, and write them 2 in a book in order that their generations may see how I have not forsaken them for all the evil which they have wrought in transgressing the covenant which I establish between Me and thee for their generations this day on Mount Sinai. 6. And thus it will come to pass when all these things come upon them,3 that they will recognize that I am more righteous than they in all their judgments and in all their actions, and they will recognize that I have been truly with them. 7. And do thou write for thyself all these words which I declare unto thee this day, for I know their rebellion and their stiff neck,5 before I bring them into the land of which I sware to their fathers, to Abraham and to Isaac and to Jacob, saying . ” Unto your seed will I give a land flowing with milk and honey. 8. And they will eat and be satisfied, and they will turn to strange gods, to (gods) which cannot deliver them from aught of their tribulation : ” and this witness shall be heard for a witness against them.6 9. For they will forget all My commandments, (even) all that I command them, and they will walk after the Gentiles, and after their uncleanness, and after their shame, and will serve their gods, and these will prove unto them an offence and a tribulation and an affliction and a snare.7 10. And 1 Cf. i. 26. According to the Jewish Midrash, also, God showed Moses ” all the generations that should arise,” as welPas ” all the minutiae of the Law ” Shemoth rabb. xl. ; Mcgilla 19b). Cf. Exod. xxxiv. 27. Cf. Deut. xxx. 1. 4 Cf. i. 27. Cf. Deut. xxxi. 27. Cf. Deut. xxxi. 20. 7 Cf. Exod. xxiii. 33. chap. I] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 37 many will perish and they will be taken captive,1 and will fall into the hands of the enemy, because they have forsaken My ordinances and My com- mandments, and the festivals of My covenant, and My sabbaths, and My holy place 2 which I have hal- lowed for Myself in their midst, and My tabernacle,3 and My sanctuary, which I have hallowed for Myself in the midst of the land, that I should set My name upon it, and that it should dwell (there). II. And they will make to themselves high places and groves and graven images,5 and they will worship, each his own (graven image), so as to go astray, and they will sacrifice their children to demons,6 and to all the works of the error of their hearts. 12. And I will send witnesses unto them, that I may witness against them, but they will not hear,7 and will slay8 the witnesses also, and they will persecute those who seek the law, and they will abrogate and change everything so as to work evil before My eyes. 13. And I shall hide My face from them, and I shall deliver them into the hand of the Gentiles for captivity, and for a prey, and for devouring,9 and I shall remove them from the midst of the land, and I shall scatter10 them amongst the Gentiles. 14. And they will forget all My law and all My commandments and all My judgments, and will go astray as to new moons, and sabbaths, and festivals, and jubilees, and ordinances. 15. And after this they will turn to Me u from amongst the Gentiles with all their heart and with all their soul and with all their strength, and I shall gather them from amongst all the Gentiles,12 and they will seek Me, so that I shall be found of them, when they seek Me 1 N. Israel is referred to. t. e. the Temple in Jerusalem. ‘ The Tabernacle is apparently thought of as still in existence (in Jerusalem) during the time oi the monarchy. 4 t. e. Judah. 5 Cf. 2 Chron. xxxiii. 3 fT. Cf. 2 Chron. xxviii. 3, xxxiii. 6. 7 Cf . 2 Chron. xxiv. 19. 8 Cf. Matt.,xxiii. 34. Cf. 2 Kings xxi. 14. 18 Cf. Deut. iv. 27, xxviii. 64. il Cf. Deut. iv. 30. ia Cf. Je’r. xxix. 14. 38 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, i with all their heart and with all their soul. 16. And I shall disclose to them abounding peace with right- eousness, and I shall tremove them the plant of uprightness!,1 with all My heart and with all My soul,2 and they will be for a blessing and not for a curse,3 and they will be the head and not the tail.4 17. And I shall build My sanctuary 6 in tlieir midst, and I shall dwell with them, and I shall be their God and they will be My people 6 in truth and righteous- ness. 18. And I shall not forsake them nor fail them ; 7 for I am the Lord their God.” 19. And Moses fell on his face and prayed and said, ” 0 Lord my God, do not forsake Thy people and Thy inherit- ance,8 so that they should wander in the error of their hearts, and do not deliver them into the hands of their enemies, the Gentiles, lest they should rule over them and cause them to sin against Thee. 20. Let Thy mercy, O Lord, be lifted up upon Thy people, and create in them an upright spirit,9 and let not the spirit of Beliar 10 rule over them to accuse them before Thee, and to ensnare them from all the paths of righteousness, so that they ‘may perish from before Thy face. 21. But they are Thy people and Thy inheritance, which Thou hast delivered with Thy great power u from the hands of the Egyptians : create in them a clean heart and a holy spirit,13 and let them not be ensnared in their sins from henceforth until eternity.” 22. And the Lord said unto Moses : ” I know their contrariness and their thoughts and their stiffneckedness,13 and they will not be obedient till they confess their own sjn and the sin of their 1 The obelized words are corrupt. Charles suggests reading ” And I will plant them the plant of uprightness in the land.” 2 Cf. Jcr. xxxii. 41. a Cf. Zech. viii. 13. Cf. Deut. xxviii. 13. i. e. the second Temple. 6 Cf. Lev. xxvi. 12 and often. 7 Cf. Deut. xxxi. 6. 8 Cf. Deut. ix. 26. Cf. Ps. li. 10. 10 Beliar (Belial) is here, as in the Ascension of Isaiah (see Introduction to that work), a Satanic being, apparently ” the prince of the devils.” n Cf. Deut. ix. 29. ia Cf. Ps. li. 10 (and ver. 20 above). M Cf. Deut. xxxi. 27. chap. I] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 39 fathers.1 23. And after this they will turn to Me in all uprightness and with all (their) heart and with all (their) soul, and I shall circumcise the foreskin of their heart and the foreskin of the heart of their seed, and I shall create in them a holy spirit, and I shall cleanse them so that they shall not turn away from Me from that day unto eternity. 24. And their souls will cleave to Me and to all My commandments, and they will fulfil My commandments, and I shall be their Father and they will be My children. 25. And they will all be called children of the living God,3 and every angel and every spirit will know, yea, they will know that these are My children, and that I am their Father in uprightness and righteousness, and that I love them. 26. And do thou write down for thyself all these words 4 which I declare unto thee on this mountain, the first and the last, which shall come to pass in all the divisions of the days in the law and in the testimony and in the weeks and the jubilees unto eternity, until I descend and dwell with them 5 throughout eternity.” God commands the Angel to write (i. 27-29). 1 27. And He said to the angel of the presence : 6 “Write7 for Moses from the beginning of creation till My sanctuary has been built among them for all eternity. 28. 8 And the Lord will appear to the eyes 1 Cf. Lev. xxvi. 40. Cf. Deut. x. 16, xxx. 6. Cf. Hos. i. 10. 4 viz. those contained in our Book (the Book of Jubilees) as distinguished from the Book of the First Law (vi. 22 the Pentateuch), which was written by the angel himself. viz. in the perfect theocracy inaugurated by the Messianic Kingdom. Cf. Isa. lxiii. 9; Test. Xll.Patr., Judah 23: probably Michael is meant. Note that the medium of communication is an angel, and cf. Gal. iii. 19 (” The Law . . . ordained through angels “). Later Judaism rejected this idea. 7 f. e. not the Pentateuch, ” but a history up to the Messianic Kingdom “‘(Charles, in Oxford Corpus). 8 Read this ver. after ver. 25. 40 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, i of all,1 and all will know that I am the God of Israel and the Father of all the children of Jacob,2 and King on Mount Zion for all eternity. And Zion and Jerusalem will be holy.” 29. And the angel of the presence who went before the camp of Israel 4 took the tables of the divisions of the years 6 from the time of the creation of the law and of the testimony of the weeks, of the jubilees, according to the indivi- dual years, according to all the number of the jubilees [according to the individual years], from the day of the [new] creation fwhenf the heavens a and the earth shall be renewed and all their creation according to the powers of the heaven, and according to all the creation of the earth, until the sanctuary of the Lord shall be made in Jerusalem7 on Mount Zion, and all the luminaries be renewed for healing 8 and for peace and for blessing for all the elect of Israel, and that thus it may be from that day and unto all the days of the earth. The Angel dictates to Moses the Primaeval History : the Creation of the World and Institution of the Sabbath (ii. 1-33 ; cf. Gen. i-ii. 3). II. And the angel of the presence spake to Moses according to the word of the Lord, saying : Write the complete history of the creation, how in six days the Lord God finished all His works and all that He created, and kept Sabbath on the seventh day and hallowed it for all ages, and appointed it as a sign 1 Cf. Rev. i. 7 (in the final theophany). 1 Cf. i. 24; Jer. xxxi. 1. Cf. Isa. xxiv. 23. 4 Cf. Exod. xiv. 19. From these the angel dictates to Moses (who writes) the Book of Jubilees. Text corrupt. Read ” from the day of creation, till the heavens.” 7 i. e. in th Messianic Kingdom. Cf. Rev. xxii. 2. chap, n] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 41 for all His works. 2.1 for on the first day He created the heavens which are above and the earth and the waters and all the spirits which serve before Him the angels 2 of the presence, and the angels of sanctifi- cation,3 and the angels [of the spirit of fire and the angels] of the spirit of the winds, and the angels of the spirit of the clouds, and of darkness, and of snow and of hail and of hoar frost,5 and the angels of the voices8 and of the thunder and of the lightning,7 and the angels of the spirits of cold and of heat, and of winter and of spring and of autumn and of summer,8 and of all the spirits of His creatures which are in the heavens and on the earth, (He created) the abysses and the darkness, eventide (and night), and the light, dawn and day, which He hath prepared in the know- ledge of His h,eart. 3. And thereupon we saw His works, and praised Him, and lauded before Him on account of all His works ; for seven great works did He create on the first day. a, And on the second 2-3 record the creations of the first day, seven in number, viz. heaven, earth, the waters, spirits, the abysses, darkness, light. According to Pire de R. FMezer hi., ” eight things were created on the first day: namely, heaven, earth, the light, darkness, Tohu (chaos), Bohu (void), wind (or spirit), water.” Perhaps Tohu and Bohu here abysses. According to our Book the angels were created on the first day, and this probably represents the view of earlier Judaism. This was opposed by later Judaism, which ob- jected to the idea that angels assisted in the work of creation on the days following the first. Pxrhe de R. Eliezer placed the creation of angels in the se cond ‘day ; some Rabbis on the fifth (cf. Gen. rabb. i. 5). a Cf. ii. 18, xv. 27, xxxi. 14. These are the two chief orders of angels. The ” angels of sanctification ” sing praises to God. , The various classes of angels that follow constitute the third or lowest order. They preside over the elements and natural phenomena; cf. 1 Enoch lx. 12-21, Ixxv., lxxx. ; 2 Enoch xix. 1-4. For the ” angels of the winds,” cf. Rev. vii. if.; 1 Enoch xviii. 1-5, xxxiv.-xxxvi., Ixxvi. Cf. t Enoch lx. 17-18. Cf. Rev. iv. 5, xi. 19, xvi. 18. 7 Cf. 1 Enoch lx. 13-15. 8 Cf. 1 Enoch lxxxii. 13-20. 42 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, n day1 He created the firmament in the midst of the waters, and the waters were divided on that day half of them went up above and half of them went down below the firmament (that was) in the midst over the face of the whole earth. And this was the only work (God) created on the second day. 5. And on the third day a He commanded the waters to pass from off the face of the whole earth into one place, and the dry land to appear. 6. And the waters did so as He commanded them, and they retired from qff the face of the earth into one place outside of this firmament, and the dry land appeared. 7. And on that day He created for them all the seas according to their separate gathering-places, and all the rivers, and the gatherings of the waters in the mountains and on all the earth, and all the lakes, and all the dew of the earth, and the seed which is sown, and all sprouting things, and fruit-bearing trees, and trees of the wood, and the garden of Eden, in Eden, and all (plants after their kind). These four great works God created on the third day. 8. And on the fourth day 3 He created the sun and the moon and the stars, and set them in the firmament of the heaven, to give light upon all the earth, and to rule over the day and the night, and divide the light from the darkness. 9. And God appointed the sun4 to be a great sign on the earth for days and for sabbaths and for months and for feasts and for years and for sabbaths of years and for jubilees and for all seasons of the years. 10. And it divideth the light from the darkness [and] for 1 Cf. Gen. i. 6-7; 2 Enoch xxvi.-xxvii. According to Ptrke de R. Eliezcr iv. the following were created on the second day : the firmament, angels, fire for flesh and blood, and the fire of Gehinnom. 2 Cf. Gen. i. 9-13 (dry land, seas, herbage, fruit trees 3 works). Our Book adds a fourth, the Garden of Eden (so also the Midrash Bereshith rabb. xv. ; 2 Enoch xxx. 1). Another view was that Paradise ( ? the Heavenly Paradise) was created before the world; cf. 4 Ezra iii. 6 (note). 9 Cf. Gen. i. 14-19; 2 Enoch xxx. 2-6. 4 Note the intentional omission of the moon. The writer objected to a calendar based upon the changes of the mooni chap. II] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 43 prosperity, that all things may prosper which shoot and grow on the earth. These three kinds He made on the fourth day. 11. And on the fifth day l He created great sea monsters in the depths of the waters, for these were the first things of flesh that were created by His hands, the fish and everything that moves in the waters, and everything that flies, the birds and all their kind. 12. And the sun rose above them to prosper (them), and above everything that was on the earth, everything that shoots out of the earth, and all fruit-bearing trees, and all flesh. These three kinds He created on the fifth day. 13. And on the sixth day He created all the animals of the earth, and all cattle, and everything that moves on the earth. 14. And after all this He created man, a man and a woman created He them, and gave him dominion over all that is upon the earth, and in the seas, and over everything that flies, and over beasts and over cattle, and over everything that moves on the earth, and over the whole earth, and over all this He gave him dominion. And these four kinds He created on the sixth day. 15. And there were altogether two and twenty kinds.8 16. And He finished all His work on the sixth 4 day all that is in the heavens and on the earth, and in the seas and in the abysses, and in the light and in the darkness, and in everything. 17. And He gave us a great sign, the Sabbath day,5 that wen ‘should work six days, but keep Sabbath on the seventh day from all work. 18. And all the angels of the presence, and all the angels of sanctifi- cation, these two great classes He hath bidden us 1 Cf. Gen. i. 20-23; 2 Enoch xxx. 7; 4 Ezra vi. 47 ff. According to our Book the three works of the fifth day were the great sea-monsters, fish and birds; according to Pirke de R. Eliezer ix. birds, fish and locusts. Cf. Gen. i. 24-28; 2 Enoch xxx. 8 f. 3 Cf. ii. 23 (below). 4 This is possibly the right reading of Gen. ii. 2a (so Sam. text, LXX, Syr.). It implies a severer view of Sabbath ob- servance. The Masoretic text has ” seventh.” 6 Cf. Exod. xxxi. 13. 44 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, n to keep the Sabbath with Him l in heaven and on earth. 19. And He said unto us : ” Behold, I will separate unto Myself 2 a people from among all the peoples, and these will keep the Sabbath day, and. I will sanctify them unto Myself as My people, and will bless them ; as I have sanctified the Sabbath day and do sanctify (it) unto Myself, even so shall I bless them, and they will be My people and I shall be their God. 20. And I have chosen the seed of Jacob 8 from amongst all that I have seen, and have written him down as My firstborn son, and have sanctified him unto Myself for ever and ever ; and I will teach them the Sabbath day, that they may keep Sabbath thereon from all work.’ 21. And thus He created therein a sign 6 in accordance with which they should keep Sabbath with us 8 on the seventh day, to eat and to drink, and to bless Him 7 who hath created all things as He hath blessed and sanctified unto Himself a peculiar people 8 above all peoples, and that they should keep Sabbath together with us. 22. And He caused His commands to ascend as a sweet savour e acceptable before Him all the days. … 23. There (were) two and twenty heads of mankind from Adam to Jacob, and two and twenty kinds of work were made 10 until 1 The two chief orders of angels observe the Sabbath with God (and Israel). The third order and the Gentiles are denied this privilege. ‘ Cf. 1 Kings viir. 53. 1 Cf. Isa. xli. 8 ( ‘ Jacob whom I have chosen “), xliv. 1, 2. Cf. Exod. iv. 22; Ps. lxxxix. 27. For the Sabbath day as a sign between God and Israel, cf. Exod. xxxi. 13, 17; Ezek. xx. 12. a t. e. with God and the superior angels. 7 The Sabbath is to be a delight. Cf. Deut. vii. 6. Cf. 2 Cor. ii. 15; Eph. v. 2. 10 It is probable that at end of 22 above there is a lacuna in the text (indicated by the dotted line). Charles restores the mussing words as follows : As there were two and twenty letters, and two and twenty (sacred) books [viz. in the CHd Testament], and two and twenty heads of mankind from Adam to Jacob, so there were made two and twenty kinds oj work, etc. chap, ii] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 45 the seventh day ; this r is blessed and holy ; and the former 2 also is blessed and holy ; and this one serves with that one for sanctification and blessing. 24. And to this (Jacob and his seed) it was granted that they should always be the blessed and holy ones of the first testimony and law, even as He had sanctified and blessed the Sabbath day on the seventh day. 25. He created heaven and earth and everything that He created in six days, and God made the seventh day holy, for all His worjcs ; therefore He commanded on its behalf that, whoever doth any work thereon shall die,8 and that he who defileth it shall surely die. 26. Wherefore do thou command the children of Israel to observe this day that they may keep it holy 4 and not do thereon any work, and not to defile it, as it is holier than all other days.6 27. And whoever pro- faneth it shall surely die, and whoever doeth thereon any work shall surely die eternally, that the children of Israel may observe this day throughout their generations, and not be rooted out of the land ; for it is a holy day and a blessed day. 28. And every one who observeth it and keepeth Sabbath thereon from all his work, will be holy and blessed throughout all days like unto us. 29. Declare and say to the children of Israel the law of this day both that they should keep Sabbath thereon, and that they should not forsake it in the error of their hearts; (and) that it is not lawful to do any work there- on which is unseemly, to do thereon their own pleasure, and that they should not prepare thereon anything to be eaten or drunk,7 jand (that it is not lawful) to draw water, or bring in or take out thereon through their gates any burden, 8 which they had not 1 viz. the Sabbath. viz. Jacob. Cf. Exod. xxxi. 14, 15, xxxv. 2; Num. xv. 32 f. 4 Cf. Exod. xx. 8. Cf. ii. 30. Cf. Isa. lviii. 13. 7 Deduced from Exod. xvi. 23, 25. 8 The obelized words should either be omitted or read after their oyon pleasure above. For the law about ” bringing in or taking out . . . any burden ” on the Sabbath, cf. ii. 30, 1. 8; Jer. xviu 21 f . ; Neh. xiii. 19; John v. 10. 46 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, n prepared for themselves on the sixth day 1 in their dwellings.- 30. And they shall not bring in nor take out from house to house 2 on that day ; for that day is more holy and blessed than any jubilee day of the jubilees : on this we kept Sabbath in the heavens be- fore it was made known to any flesh to keep Sabbath thereon on the earth. 31. And the Creator of all things blessed it,3 but He did not sanctify all peoples and nations to keep Sabbath thereon, but Israel alone : them alone He permitted to eat and drink and to keep Sabbath thereon on the earth. 32. And the Creator of all things blessed this day which He had created fof a blessing and a sanctification and a glory above all days. 33. This law and testimony was given to the children of Israel as a law for ever unto their generations.4 ParadiBe and the Fall (iii. 1-35; cf. Gen. ii. 4-iii.). III. And on the six days of the second week we brought, according to the word of God, unto Adam all the beasts, and all the cattle, and all the birds, and everything that moveth on the earth, and everything that moveth in the water, according to their kinds, and according to their types : the beasts on the first day; the cattle on the second day ; the birds on the third day ; and all that which moveth on the earth on the fourth day ; and that which moveth in the water on the fifth day. 2. And Adam named them all by their respective names, and as he called them, so was their name.6 3. And on these five days Adam saw all these, male and female, according to every kind that was on the earth, but he was alone and found no help- This is in accordance . with Rabbinic law which forbids anything being eaten on the Sabbath unless it had been prepared beforehand for that purpose on a week-day. This was relaxed later by the Rabbinic law of erub, which was based on Exod. xvi. 29. See JE. v. 203 f. fs.v. Erub). i.e. Israel. Cf. Exod. xxvii. 21, etc., for the phrase. Cf. Gen. ii. 19. chap, in] . THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 47 meet for him.1 4. And the Lord said unto us : “It is not good that the man should be alone : let us make a helpmeet for him.” f 5. And the Lord our God caused a deep sleep to fall upon him, and he slept, and He took for the woman one rib from amongst his ribs, and this rib was the origin of the woman from amongst his ribs, and He built up the flesh in its stead, and built the woman. 6. And He awaked Adam out of his sleep and on awaking he rose on the sixth day, and He brought her to him, and he knew her, and said unto her : ” This is now bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she will be called [my] wife; because she was taken from her husband. ‘ 7. Therefore shall man and wife be one, and therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and cleave unto his wife, and they shall be one flesh.4 8. In the first week was Adam created, and the rib his wife : in the second week He showed her unto him : and for this reason thej commandment was given to keep in their defilement, for a male seven days, and for a female twice seven days.6 9. And after Adam had com- pleted forty days in the land where he had been created, we brought him into the Garden of Eden to till and keep it, but his wife they brought in on the eightieth day, and after this she entered into the Garden of Eden. 10. And for this reason the com- mandment is written on the heavenly tables6 in 1 Cf. Gen. ii. 20. Cf. Gen. ii. 18; LXX and Vulg. have pi. (” let us make” ), but MT Sam. Syr., M I will make.” Cf. Gen. ii. 21-23. According to the Talmud, Adam was originally (as first created, Gen. i. 27) hermaphroditic. 4 Cf. Gen. ii. 24. For these laws cf. Lev. xii. 2-5, according to which in the one case the mother was not to enter the sanctuary till the lapse of forty days, in the other eighty days. The reason for this is given in the following section (9), according to the author of Jubilees. This peculiar idea recurs elsewhere (Philo, Booh of Adam and Eve), but not in Rabbinic literature, except for some slight traces. See Charles, ad he. Cf. 1 Enoch lxxxi. I, 2, xciii. 2, ciii. 2; the expression also occurs in Test. XII. Patriarchs. In our Book the heavenly 48 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, in regard to her that giveth birth : ” if she beareth a male, she shall remain in her uncleanness seven days accord- ing to the first week of days, and thirty and three days shall she remain in the blood of her purifying, and she shall not touch any hallowed thing, nor enter into the sanctuary, until she accomplished these days which (are enjoined) in the case of a male child. ii. But in the case of a female child she shall remain in her uncleanness two weeks of days, according to the first two weeks, and sixty-six days in the blood of her purification, and they will be in all eighty days.” 12. And when she had completed these eighty days we brought her into the Garden of Eden, for it is holier than all the earth besides, and every tree that is planted in it is holy. 13. Therefore, there was ordained regarding her who beareth a male or a female child the statute of those days that she should touch no hallowed thing, nor enter into the sanctuary until these days for the male or female child are accom- plished. 14. This is the law and testimony which was written down for Israel, in order that they should observe (it) all the days. 15. And in the first week 1 7 a.m. of the first jubilee, Adam and his wife were in the Garden of Eden for seven years tilling and keeping it, and we gave him work and we instructed him to do everything that is suitable for tillage.2 16. And he tilled (the garden), and was naked and knew it not, and was not ashamed,8 and he protected the garden from the birds and beasts and cattle, and gathered tables are conceived of as the divine statute book of which the Mosaic Law is the earthly reproduction; but they also contain records of events and predictions. The underlying idea is predestinanan. 1 According to Bet. rabba xviii., Sank. 386, Adam was only six hours in the Garden ; cf. Ptrke de R. Eliezer xviii. (Adam entered the garden at the seventh hour and was driven forth at ‘twilight, i. e. the twelfth hour on Friday the eve of the Sabbath). Agriculture is a divine institution. Here the instruction is given by ho. lxxxi ; cf. also Pirke de R. Eliezer xviii. 1 The lex taltonxs ; cf. Exod. xxi. 24 (” eye for eye, tooth for tooth “) ; Lev. xxiv. 19. Similar examples are given in 2 Mace. v. 19 f., xv. 32 f. The rigorous application of this ” law ” was upheld by the Sadducees, as against the Pharisees. Cf. Gen. v. 22. Note that Shem is represented as the eldest; cf. Gen. x. 21 (R.V.). This is the LXX rendering of Gen, vi. 2 (R.V. ” sons of God “) and represents the older Jewish exegesis, which was jater given up. chap.v] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 57 ‘1 1 beautiful to look upon ; and they took themselves wives of all whom they chose, and they bare unto them sons and they were giants.1 2. And lawless- ness increased on the earth and all flesh corrupted its way, alike men and cattle and beasts and birds and everything that walketh on the earth all of them corrupted their ways and their orders, and they began to devour 8 each other, and lawlessness increased on the earth and every imagination of the thoughts . of all men (was) thus evil continually.4 3. And Xod looked upon the earth, and behold it was corrupt, and all nesh had corrupted its orders, and all that were upon the earth 5 had wrought all manner of evil before His eyes. 4. And He said : ” I shall destroy man and all flesh upon the face of the earth which I have created.” 5. But Noah found grace before the eyes of the Lord. 6. And against the angels whom He had sent upon the earth, He was exceedingly wroth, and He gave commandment to root them out of all their dominion, and He bade us to bind them in the depths of the earth, and behold they are bound in the midst of them, and are (kept) separate. 7. And against their sons went forth a command from before His face that they should be smitten with the sword, and be removed from under heaven. 8. And He said ” My spirit will not always abide 7 on man ; for they also are flesh and their days shall be one hundred and twenty years.” 9. And He sent His sword into their midst that each should slay his neigh- bour, and they began to slay each other till they all fell by the sword and were destroyed from the earth. 10. And their fathers were witnesses (of their destruc- tion), and after this they were bound in the depths of the earth for ever, until the day of the great con- demnation,8 when judgment is executed on all those who have corrupted their ways and their works before 1 Giants, i. 9. ” Nephilim.” Cf. Gen. vi. 12. Cf. 1 Enoch vii. 5. Cf. Gen. vi. 5. Cf. Gen. vi. 12. Cf. Gen. vi. 7, 8. T Cf- Gen. vi. 3, R.V. marg. Cf. 1 Enoch x. 13. 58 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, v the Lord. n. And He destroyed! all from their places, and there jwasf not left one of them whom He judged not according to all their wickedness. 12. And He fmadet for all His works a new and righteous nature,1 so that they should not sin in their whole nature for ever, but thould be all righteous ach in his kind alway. 13. And the judgment of all is ordained arid written on the heavenly tables in right- eousnesseven (the judgment of) all who depart from the path which is ordained for them to walk in ; and if they walk not therein, judgment is written down for every creature and for every kind. 14. And there is notjung in heaven or on earth, or in light or in darkness, or in Sheol or in the depth, or in the place of darkness (which is not judged) ; and all their judgments are ordained and written and engraved. 15. In regard to all He will judge, the great according to his greatness, and the small according to his small- ness, and each according .to his way. 16. And He is not one who will regard the person (of any), nor is He one who will receive gifts, ii He saith that He will execute judgment on each : if one gave everything that is on the earth, He will not regard the gifts or the person (of any), nor accept anything at nis hands, for He is a righteous judged [17. And of the children of Israel It hath been written and ordained : If they turn to Him in righteousness, He will forgive all their transgressions and pardon all their sins. 18. It is written and ordained that He will show mercy to all who turn from all their guilt once each year.] 8 19. x 10-12, as Charles has shown, describe the final judg- ment. The tenses must be altered from past to future. Render : ” until the day of the great condemnation, when judgment shall be executed. . . . And He shall destroy . . . and there shall not be left one of them whom He shall not have judged. . . . And He shall make,” etc. Cf. xl. 8; Deut. x. 17; 1 Chrpn. xix. 7. ” The bracketed clauses have been either transposed here cr interpolated from xxxiv. 18-19. The reference is to the Day of Atonement which takes place on the 10th of the 7th month. For ” once each year,” cf. Heb. ix. 7. : chXp.v] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 59 And as for all those who corrupted their ways and their, thoughts before the flood, no man’s person was accepted save that of Noah alone ; for his person was accepted in behalf of his sons, whom (God) saved from the waters of the flood on his account ; for his heart was righteous in all his ways, according as it was com- manded regarding him, and he had not departed from aught that was ordained for him. 20. And the Lord said that He would destroy everything which was upon the earth, both men ami cattle, and beasts, and fowls of the air, and that which moveth on the earth.1 The Building of the Ark ; the Flood (v. 21-32 ; cf. Gen. vi. 13-viii. 19). 21. And He commanded Noah to make him an ark, that he might save himself from the waters oi the flood.1 22. And Noah made the ark jn all respects as He commanded him, in the twenty-seventh jubilee of years, in the fifth week in the fifth vearjon the new moon of the Jirst month). 23. And he enterecT in the sixth (year) thereot, in the second month, on the new moon of the sernnH mpjithflMjxtpSth and he entered, ana all that we brought to him, into the ark, and the Lord closed 8 it from without on the seventeenth 4 evening. ” 24. And the Lord opened evgnflood-gates of heaven, And the mouths of the fountains of the great deep, seven mouths in number. 25. And the flood-gates began to pour down water from the heaven forty days and forty nights, And the fountains of the deep also sent up waters, until the whole world was full of water. 26. And the waters increased upon the earth : Fifteen cubits did the waters rise above all the high mountains, 1 Cf. Gen. vi. 7. Cf. Gen. vi. 14. Cf. Gen. vii.’ i6( Cf. Gen. vii. n. Cf. 1 Enoch lxxxix. 2. Note the recurrence of the number seven in these connexions. 6o THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, v . And the ark was lift up above the earth, And it moved upon the face of the waters.1 2. And the water prevailed on the face of the earth five months one hundred and fifty days.1 28. And the ark went and rested on the top of Lubar, one of the mountains of Ararat.8 2Q. And Ibn the new mooiilin the foujlh month TFe fountain pi the great deep were closed and the flood-gates oi heaven were restrained; and on the new moon of the seventh mon all the mouths of the abysses of the earth were opened, and the water began to descend into the deep 309 A.M. below.4 30. And nn thp npw moon of th tenth month the tops of the mountains were seen, and on the new moon ofjhe first moiTth the earth became visible? 31. And the waters disappeared from above the earth in the fifth week in the seventh year thereof, and on the seventeenth day in the second month the earth was dry. 32. And on the twenty-seventh thereof he opened the ark, and sent forth from it beasts, and cattle, and birds, and every moving thing.7 Noah 8 Sacrifice ; God’s Covenant with him (cf . Gen. viii. 20-ix. 17). Instructions to Moses about eating of Blood, the Feast of Weeks, etc., and Division of the Year (vi. 1-38). VI. And on the new m,oon of the third month he went forth from the ark, and built an altar on that mountain.8 2. And he made atonement for the earth,9 and took a kid and made atonement by its blood for 1 For 24-26 cf. Gen. vii. 11, 12, 18, 20. 1 Cf. Gen. vii. 24, viii. 3. Cf. Gen. viii. 4. Lubar is mentioned again in vii. 1, 17. 4 Cf. Gen. viii. 2; 1 Enoch lxxxix. 7. 1 Cf. Gen. viii. 5, 13. According to Gen. viii. 14 it vas the 27th day of the month. 1 Cf. Gen. viii. 10. Cf. Gen. -viii. 20. The mountain is Lubar. The earth needed expiation aqcj cleansing for the vices and crimes that had polluted it, Chaiwi] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 61 all the guilt of the earth ; for everything that had been on it had been destroyed, save those that were in the ark with Noah. 3. And he placed the fat thereof on the aitar, and he took an ox, and a goat, and a sheep and kids, and salt, and a turtle-dove, and the young of a dove, and placed a burnt sacrifice on the altar, and poured thereon an offering mingled with oil, and sprinkled wine and strewed frankincense over everything, and caused a goodly savour to arise, acceptable before the Lord.1 4. And the Lord smelt the goodly savour, and He made a covenant with him that there should not “be any more a flood to destroy the earth ; that all the days of the earth seed-time and harvest should never cease ; cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night should not change their order, nor cease for ever.4 5. “And you, increase ye and multiply upon the earth, and become many upon it, and be a blessing upon it.6 The fear of you and the dread of you I shall inspire in everything that is on earth and in the sea.6 6. And behold I have given unto you all beasts, and all winged things, and everything that moveth on the earth, and the fish in the waters, and all things for food ; as the green herbs, I have given you all things to eat.7 7. But flesh, with the life thereof, with the blood, ye shall not eat ; for the life of all flesh is in the blood, lest your blood of your lives be required. 4 THE, BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, vi month, and on the new moon of the seventh month, and on the new moon of the tenth month are the days of remembrance, and the days of the seasons in the four divisions of the year.1 These are written and ordained as a testimony for ever. 24. And Noah ordained them for himself as feasts for the genera- tions for ever, so that they have become thereby a memorial unto him. 25. And on the new mponof the first month he was bidder o make ior hjmsp)f an ark. and on that (day) the earth became dry anol he opened (the ark) and saw the earth, 26. And on the new moon of the fourth month the mouths of the depths of the abysses beneath were closed. And on the new moon of the seventh month all the mouths of the abysses of the earth were opened, and the waters began to descend into them.2 27. And on the new moon of the tenth month the tops of the mountains were seen, and, Noah was glad.8 28. And on this account herordained them for himself as feasts for a memorial for ever, and thus are they ordained. 29. And they -placed them on the heavenly tables, each had thirteen weeks ; from one to another (passed) their memorial, from the first to the second, and from the second to the third, and from the third to the fourth. 30. And all the days of the commandment will be two and fifty weeks of days, and (these will make) the entire year complete.4 31. Thus it is en- graven and ordained on the heavenly tables. And 1 According to Lev. xxiii. 24 only the 1st day of the 7th month was a ” day of memorial.” The ” four days ” here mentioned correspond to the four intercalary days ” which are not reckoned in the reckoning of the year ” mentioned in 1 Enoch lxxv. 1, They introduce the four quarters of the year and apparently, according to the scheme of 1 Enoch and our Book, were intended to be added to the 360 days ( 12 x 30), which made up the solar year (360 -j- 4 days). ‘ Cf. 1 Enoch lxxxix. 7, o. Cf. Gen. viii. 5. 4 If the year consists of 52 weeks (4×13 weeks), how can it be divided into 12 months of 30 days each, which is the reckoning implied throughout the Book ? For the solutions proposed see Charles’s discussion, ad loc. chap, vi] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 65 there is no neglecting (this commandment) for a single year or from year to year. 32. And command thou the children of Israel that they observe the years according to this reckoning three hundred and sixty-four days, and (these) will constitute a complete year, and they will not disturb its time from its days and from its feasts ; for everything will fall out in them according to their testimony, and they will not leave out any day nor disturb any feasts.1 33. But if they do neglect and do riot observe them according to His commandment, then they will disturb all their seasons, and the years will be dislodged from this (order), [and they will disturb the seasons and the years will be dislodged] and they will neglect their ordinances. 34. And all the children of Israel will forget, and will not find the path of the years, and will forget the new moons, and seasons, and sabbaths, and they will go wrong as to all the order of the years.8 35. For I know and from henceforth shall I declare it unto thee, and it is not of my own devising ; for the book (lieth) written before me, and on the heavenly tables the division of days is ordained, lest they forget the feasts of the covenant and walk according to the feasts of the Gentiles after their error and after their ignorance. 36. For there will be those who will assuredly make observations of the moon now (it) disturbeth the seasons and cometh in from year to year ten days too soon. 37. For this reason the years will come upon them when they will disturb (the order), 1 The effect of a solar year reckoned at 364 days would be that the festivals would always be celebrated on the same day of the week. Nisan 14 would always fall on a Sabbath, Nisan 22 (when the wave sheaf was to be offered) on a Sunday, and the Feast of Weeks, Sivan 15, on a Sunday. There is some reason to suppose that this conception of a solar year of 364 days has a dogmatic basis. See Introd., p. xvii. 1 The bracketed words are a dittograph. For 33-34 cf. 1 Enoch lxxxii. 4-6. ‘ A lunar year consists of 354 days. Our author wages a polemic against the use of the moon for determining the seasons and feasts. But a lunar year was accepted by the Pharisees. 66 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, vi and make an abominable (day) the day of testimony, and an unclean day a feast day, and they will con- found all the days, the holy with the unclean, and the unclean day with the holy; for they will go wrong as to the months and sabbaths and feasts and jubilees. 38. For this reason I command and testify to thee that thou mayest testify to them ; for afr thy death thy children will disturb (them), so that they will not make the year three hundred and sixty-four days only, and for this reason they will go wrong as to the new moons and seasons and sabbaths and festivals, and they will eat all kinds of blood with all kinds of flesh. ” Noah offers Sacrifice ; the Cursing of Canaan (cf. Gen. ix. 20-28) : Noah’s Sons and Grand- sons (cf. Gen. x.) and their Cities. Noah’s Admonitions (vii. 1-39). 1317 A.M. VII. And in the seventh week in the first year thereof, in this jubilee, Noah planted vines on the mountain on which the ark had rested, named Lubar,2 one of the Ararat Mountains, and they pro- 1320 a.m. duced fruit in the fourth year,1 and he guarded their fruit, and gathered it in this year in the seventh month. 2. And he made wine therefrom and put it 1321 a.m. into a vessel, and kept it until the fifth year, until the first day, on the new moon of the first month. 3. And he celebrated with joy the day of this feast, and he made a -burnt sacrifice unto the Lord, one young ox and one ram, and seven sheep, each a year old, and a kict of the goats, that he might make atonement thereby for himself and his sons. 4. And he prepared the kid first, and placed some of its blood on the flesh that was on the altar which he had made, and all the 1 Render (for ” new moons “) ” beginnings of the months.” Cf. v. 28. Cf. Lev. xix. 23-25 (fruit of trees not to be touched during the first three years after planting). Cf. Num. xxix. 2, 5. ; m chap, vii] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 67 fat he laid on the altar where he made the burnt sacrifice, and the ox and the ram and the sheep, and he laid all their flesh upon the altar. 5. And he placed all their offerings mingled with oil upon it, and afterwards he sprinkled wine on the fire which he had previously made on the altar, and he placed incense on the altar and caused a sweet savour to ascend acceptable before the Lord his God. 6. And he rejoiced and drank of this wine, he and his children with joy 7. And it was evening, and he went into his tent, and being drunken he lay down and slept, and was uncovered in his tent as he slept.1 8. And Ham saw Noah his father naked, and went forth and told his two brethren without. 9. And Shem took his garment and arose, he and Japheth, and they placed the garment on their shoulders and went backward and covered the shame of their father, and their faces were backward.’ 10. And tyoah awoke from his sleep and knew all that his younger son had done unto him, and he cursed his son and said : ” Cursed be Canaan; an enslaved servant shall he be unto his brethren.” s 11. And he blessed Shem, and said : ” Blessed be the Lord God of Shem, and Canaan shall be his servant. 12. God shall enlarge Japheth, and God shall dwell in the dwelling of Shem, and Canaan shall be his servant.” 13. And Ham knew that his father had cursed his younger son, and he was dis- pleased that he had cursed his son, and he parted – irom his father, he and his sons with him, Cush and Mizraim and Put and Canaan.5 14. And he built for himself a city and called its name after the name of his wife N6 elatama’flk. 15. And Japheth saw it, and became envious of his brother, and he too built for himself a city, and he called its name after the name of his wife ‘Adataneses. 16. And Shem dwelt with his father Noah, and he built a city close to his father on the mountain, and he too called its name 1 For 6-7 fcf. Gen. ix. 21. For S-9 cf. Gen. be. 22-23. Cf. Gen. ix. 24-25. 4 For 11-12 cf. Gen. ix. 26-27. Cf. Gen. x. 6. 68 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, vn after the name of his wife S6d6qt61gbb.1 17. And behold these three cities are near Mount Lubar; Sedeqetlbab fronting the mountain on its east ; and Na’61atama’uk on the south ; ‘AdatanSses towards the west. 18. And these are the sons of Shem : Elam. and Asshur, and Arpachshad this (son) was born two years after the flood and Lud, and Aram.’ 19. The sons of Japheth : Gomer and Magog and Madai and Javan, Tubal and Meshech and Tiras : these are 1324-1372 the sons of Noah.8 20. 4 And in the twenty-eighth a.m. jubilee Noah began to enjoin upon his sons’ sons the ordinances and commandments, and all the judgments that he knew, and he exhorted his sons to observe righteousness, and to cover the shame 6 of their flesh, and to bless their Creator, and honour father and mother, and love their neighbour, and guard their souls from fornication and uncleanness and all ini- quity. Si. For owing to these three things came the flood upon the earth, namely, owing to the forni- cation wherein the Watchers against the law of their ordinances went a whoring after the daughters of men, and took themselves wives of all which they chose : T and they made the beginning of uncleanness. 22. And they begat sons the Naphidtm,8 and jthey were all unlikej, and they devoured one another : and the GiantslewllieliipiuL and the Naphil slew the Elj6, and the EIj6 mankind, and one man another. 23. And every one sold himself w to work iniquity and to 1 ” righteousness of the heart.” 1 Cf. Gen. x. 22. Cf. Gen. x. 2. From here to the end of the chapter there is incorporated a fragment of the lost Book of Noah. Cf. ui. 31. viz. fornication, uncleanness and all iniquity. Accord- ing to Maimonides (Kings, 89) Adam received six command- ments against (1) idolatry; (2) blasphemy; (3) murder; (4) incest; (5) stealing; (6) perverting justice. These were enjoined by Noah, who added a seventh, prohibiting the eating of flesh with blood 1 Cf. Gen. vi. 2 ; 1 Enoch vii. 1. .. the Nephilim. Text probably corrupt. w Cf. 1 Kings xxi. 20 (phrase). .’ ‘ .’ t” XV 5 J chap, vii] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 69 shed much blood,1 and the earth was filled with J iniquity.1 24. And after this they sinned against the beasts and birds, and all that moveth and walketh on the earth : 8 and much blood was shed on the earth, and every imagination and desire of men imagined vanity , and evil continually.4 25. And the Lord destroyed everything from off the face of the earth ; 5 because , of the wickedness of their deeds, and because of the blood which they had shed in the midst of the earth He destroyed everything. 26. ” And we were left, I and you, my sons, and everything that entered with us into the ark, and behold I see your works be- fore me that ye do not walk in righteousness ; for in the path 01 destruction ye have begun to walk, and ye are parting one from another, and are envious one of another, and (so it cometh) that ye are not in harmony, my sons, each with his brother.. 27. For I see, and behold the demons have begun (their) seductions against you and against your children, and now I fear on your behalf, that after my death ye will shed the blood of men upon the earth, and that ye, too, will be destroyed from the face of the earth.7 28. For whoso sheddeth man’s blood, and whoso eateth the blood of any flesh, will all be destroyed from the earth.8 29. And there will not be left any man that eateth blood. Or that sheddeth the blood of man on the earth, Nor will there be left to him any seed or descen- dants living under heaven ; For into Sheol will they go, And into the place of condemnation will they descend. 1 Cf. 1 Enoch ix. I. Cf. Gen. vi. 11; r Enoch ix. 9. 3 Cf. 1 Enoch vii. 5. Cf. Gen. vi. 5. Cf. Gen. vi. 7, vii. 4. Noah is the speaker here and to the end of the chapter. 7 Cf. x. 1 (x. 1 -1 5 is another excerpt from the Noah apoca- lypse). Cf. Gen. ix. 4, 6; Lev. vii. 27. 70 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap.vii And into the darkness of the deep will they all be removed by a violent death.1 v 30. There shall be no blood seen upon you of all the blood there shall be all the days in which ye have killed any beasts or cattle or whatever flieth upon the earth, and work ye a good work to your souls by covering that which hath been shed on the face of the earth, jj. And ye shall not be like him who eateth with blood, but guard yourselves that none may eat blood befpre you : cover the blood, for thus have I been commanded to testify to you and your children, together with all flesh. 32. And suffer not the soul to be eaten with the flesh, that your blood, which is your life, may not be required at the hand of any flesh that sheddeth (it) on the earth.4 33. For the earth will not be clean from the blood which hath been shed upon it ; 5 for (only) through the blood of him that shed it will the earth be purified throughout all its genera- tions. 34. And now, my children, hearken : work judgment and righteousness that ye may be planted in righteousness ‘ over the face of the whole earth, and your glory lifted up before my God, who saved me from the waters of the flood.1 35. And behold, ye will go and build for yourselves cities, and plant in them all the plants that are upon the earth, and moreover all fruit-bearing trees. 36. For three years the fruit of everything that is eaten will not be gathered : and in the fourth year its fruit will be accounted holy [and they will offer the first-fruits] , 1 Cf. xxii. 22 ; 1 Enoch ciii. 7, 8. ” ‘ Cf. Lev. xvii. 13; Ezek. xxiv. 7 (here the precept if carried back to Noah). One of the seven Noachic laws (binding on all men) was the prohibition of eating flesh with the blood. Cf. note on 2i above. Cf. Gen. ix. 4; Lev. xvii. 10, u, 14. Cf. vi. 2. Cf. Num. xxxv. 33. 7 A frequent metaphor in the O.T. Israel is ” the plant of righteousness ” (x Enoch x. 16, etc.). Cf. 2 Pet. ii. 5. These words, if genuine, direct that in the fourth year only the first-fruits (not all the fruit) are to be offered to God. Cf. Lev. xix. 23-24. f chap, vii] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 71 acceptable before the Most High God, who created heaven and earth and all things. Let them offer in abundance the first of the wine and oil (as) first-fruits on the altar of the Lord, who receiveth it, and what is left let the servants of the house of the Lord l eat before the altar which receiveth (it). 37. And in the fifth year make ye the release so that ye release it s in right- eousness and uprightness, and ye shall be righteous, and all that you plant will prosper. 38. For thus did Enoch, the father of your father command Methuselah, his son, and Methuselah his son Lamech, and Lamech commanded me all the things which his fathers commanded him. 39. And I also will give you commandment, my sons, as Enoch commanded his son in the first jubilees : whilst still living, the pvpfltM jn hi; gpnppat’D, he commanded and testi- fied to his son and to his sons’ sons until the day of his death.” Genealogy of the Descendants of Shem : Noah and his Sons divide the Earth (viii. 1-30; cf. Gen. x.). VIII. In the twenty-ninth jubilee, in the first week, in the beginning thereof Arpachshad took to himself a wife and her name was RasijJLjJu [the daughter of Susan,] the daughter of ElamTand she bare him a son in the third year in this week, and he called his name Kainam.5 2. And the son grew, and his father taught . 1 i. e. the priests. Later Judaism directed that the rest of the fruit should be eaten by the owners within the walls of Jerusalem. The view of the text is supported by the Samaritans, the Karaite Jews and Ibn Ezra. Charles suspects a lacuna in the text here. Or render ” (In the seventh year) ye will let it (the land) rest and lie fallow” (Charles). 4 Cf. 1 Enoch lx. 8, xciii. 3; Jude 14. This name occurs in the LaX of Gen. xi. 13, but not in the MT or other Versions. It also occurs in the genealogy in Luke iii. 36. 72 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, vm him writing, and he went to seek for himself a place where he might seize for himself a city. 3. And he found a writing which former (generations) had carved on the rock, and he read what was thereon, and he transcribed it and sinned owing to it ; for it contained the teaching of the Watchers in accordance with which they used to observe the omens of the sun and moon and stars in all the signs of heaven.1 4. And he wrote it down and said nothing regarding it ; for he was afraid to speak to Noah about it lest he should be angry with him on account of it. 5. And in the thirtieth jubilee, in the second week, in the 1 429 a.m. first year thereof, he took to himself a wife, and her name was MSlka the daughter of Madai. the son of 1432 a.m. Japheth, and in the tourth year he begat a son, and called his name Shelah ; for he said : ” Truly I have been sent.” 8 6. [And in the fourth year he was born], and Shelah grew up and took to himself a wife, and her name was Mu’ak. thedaughter of KfiSj his father’s brother, in the one and “Ihirtieth- 1499 A.M. jubilee, in the fifth week, in the first year thereof. 7. And she bare him a son in the fifth year thereof, and he called his name Eber : and he took unto him- 1503 a.m. self a wife, and her name was ‘Azurad,4 the daughter 1564 a.m. ofNebr6d, in the thirty-second Jubilee, in the seventh week, irftne third year thereof. 8. And in the sixth 1567 A.M. year thereof, she bare him a son, and he called his name Peleg; for in the days when he was born the children of Noah began to divide the earth amnngst themselves : for this reason Re called his name Peleg.6 9. And they divided (it) secretly amongst themselves, 1 Cf. Josephus, Ant. i. 2, 3, who assigns this wisdom not to the Watchers, but to the children of Seth. Cf. Gen. x. 24. A paronomasia is implied in the original Hebrew here. Read ‘Aztrd. 6 There is a play (in the original Hebrew) on the meaning of the name Peleg here. The secret division of the earth is followed by an authori- tative one by Noah, and made binding on his descendants, Canaan is included in Shem’s lot. Hence, the Israelite con- ;. f chap, vni] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 73 and told it to Noah. 10. And it came to pass in the beginning of the thirty-third jubilee that they divided the earth into three parts, for Shem and flam and Japheth, according to the inheritance of each, in the first year in the first week, when one of us,1 who had been sent, was with them. 11. And he called his sons, and they drew nigh to him, they and their children, and he divided the earth into the lots, which his three sons were to take in possession, and they reached forth their hands, and took the writing out of the bosom of Noah, their father. 12. And. there came forth on the writing as Shem’s lot the middle of the earth 8 which he should take as an inheritance for himself and for his sons for the genera-V tions of eternity, from the middle of the mountain! range of Rafa,4 from the mouth of the water from the river Tina,8 and his portion goeth towards the west through the midst of this river, and it extendeth till it reacheth the water of the abysses, out of which this river goeth forth and poureth its waters into the sea M’at,6 and this river rfoweth into the great sea. And all that is towards the north is Japheth’s, and all that is towards the south belongeth to Shem. 13. And it extendeth till it reacheth gaiflsfllL1 this is in the bosom of the tongue 8 which looketh towards the south. 14. quest later is justified. Noah’s, djyioinn nf thf earth ;t alluded tojnj?jfke de R. Eliezer xxiii “” t. B. oueof the arigefe 1 For the countries included in Shem’s lot, see 21, ix. 2-6, 136. According to Epiphanius it extended from Persia and Bactria to India, to Rhinocurura (between Egypt and Palestine). 8 According to Ezek. xxxviii. 12 (1 Enoch xxvi. 1) Palestine was the ” navel ” of the earth. Probably the Rhipaean mountains (identified sometimes with the Ural mountains). i.e. the river Tanais or Don. i.e. the Maeotis or Sea of Azov. T i.e. (?) the Rhinocurura ( “the torrent of Egypt”) on the confines of Egypt and Palestine (Charles) ; cf. Isa. xxvii. 12. i.e. either promontory of land, or bay. 74 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, vm And his portion extendeth along the great sea, and it extendeth in a straight line till it reacheth the west of the tongue which looketh towards the south ; l for this sea is named the tongue of the Egyptian Sea.2 15. And it turneth from here towards the south towards the mouth of the great sea 8 on the shore of (its) waters, and it extendeth to the west to ‘ Af ra, and it extendeth till it reacheth the waters of the river Gihon, and to the south of the waters of Gihon, to the banks of this river. 16. And it extendeth towards the east, till it reacheth the Garden of Eden, to the south thereof, [to the south] and from the east of the whole land of Eden and of the whole east, it turneth to the feast,! and proceedeth till it reacheth the east of the mountain named Rafa, and it descendeth to the bank of the mouth of the river Tina. 17. This portion came forth by lot for Shem and his sons, that they should possess it for ever unto his generations for evermore. 18. And Noah rejnirrd that thi prtip ?m fr)rjiifnr lthaTTTe- “and for hig son; and he remembered all had spoken with his mouth in prophecy ; for he had said : ” Blessed be the Lord God of Shem, And may the Lord dwell in the dwelling of Shem’ 7 19. And he knew that the Garden of Eden is the holy of holies, and the dwelling of the Lord, and Mount Sinai the centre of the desert, and Mount Zion the centre of the navel of the earth : these three 8 were created as holy places facing each other. 20. And he blessed the God of gods, who had put the word of the Ldrd into his mouth, and the Lord for evermore. 21. And he knew that a blessed portion 1 i.t. (?) the promontory on which Mt. Sindi is situated. ‘. e. the Gull of Akaba; cf. Isa. xi. 15. ? the northern waters of the Red Sea. i. e. Africa in the restricted 6ense of the Roman province which included Egypt and the other northern parts of Africa bordering the Mediterranean. i. e. the Nile. ? read ” west.” ‘ Cf. vii. 11. These three holy places fall within hern’s lot. w4. chap, vin] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 75 and a blessing had come to Shem and his sons unto the generations for ever the whole land of Eden’ and the whole land of the Red Sea, and the whole land of the east, and India, and on the Red Sea and the mountains thereof, and all the land of Bashan, and all the land of Lebanon and the islands of Kaftur,1 and all the mountains of Sanir and ‘Amana,8 and the mountains of Asshur in the north, and all the land of Elam, Asshur, and Babel, and Sflsan and Ma’gdai,4 and all the mountains of Ararat, and all the region beyond the sea, which is beyond the mountains of Asshur towards the north, a blessed and spacious land, and all that is in it is very good. 22. 5 And for Ham came forth the second portion, beyond the Gihon towards the south to the right of the Garden, and it extendcth towards the south and it extendeth to all the mountains of fire,7 and it extendeth towards the west to the sea of ‘Atel 8 and it extendeth towards the west till it reacheth the sea of Ma’uk that (sea) into which feverything which is not de- stroyed descendethj.10 23. And it goeth forth towards the north to the limits of Gadir,11 and it goeth forth to the coast of the waters of the sea to the waters of the great sea till it draweth near to the river Gihon, and goeth along the river Gihon till it reacheth the right of the Garden of Eden. 24. And this is the land which came forth for Ham as the portion which he was to occupy for ever for himself and his sons unto their I ? Crete. The ancient Versions identify Caphtor with Cappadocia. i. e. Senir (Deut. iii. 9; Etek. xxvii. 5) Hermon. ? Mt. Amanus in N. Syria. t. e. Media; cf. x. 35. 22-24 ve details of Ham’s portion, which includes all Africa and certain parts of Asia. I. e. to the south. Cf. 1 Enoch xviii. 69, xxiv. 1-3. . . the Atlantic. ? The great ocean stream in the extreme west. The text may be corrupt. Render, perhaps, ” if any thing descends into it, it perishes ” (Charles). II t. e. Cadiz. 76 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, vm generations for ever. 25. 1 And for Japheth came forth the third portion beyond the river Tina to the north of the outflow of its waters, and it extendeth north-easterly to the whole region of Gog4 and to all the country east thereof. 26. And it extendeth northerly to the north, and it extendeth to the moun- tains of Qelt towards the north, and towards the sea of Ma’uk, and it goeth forth to the east of Gadir as far as the region of the waters of the sea. 27. And it extendeth until it approacheth the west of Fara and it returneth towards ‘Affirag,7 and it extendeth easterly to the waters of the sea of Mft’at.8 28. And it extendeth to the region of the river Tina in a north- easterly direction until it approacheth the boundary of its waters towards the mountain Rafa,9 and it turneth round towards the north. 2Q. This is the land which came forth for Japheth and his sons as the portion of his inheritance which he should possess tor himself and his sons, for their generations for ever; five great islands,10 and a great land in the north. 30. But it is cold, and the land of Ham is hot, and the land of Shem is neither hot nor cold, but it is of blended cold and heat. Subdivision of the Three Portions amongst the Grandchildren : Oath taken by Noah’s Sons (ix. 1-15 ; cf. Gen. x. partly). IX. And Ham divided amongst his sons, and the first portion came forth for Cush ll towards the east, and to the west of him for Mizraim,1 and to the west 1 25-290 Japheth ‘s portion (N. Asia, Europe, five great islands) ; cf. ix. 7-13. 1 Japheth ‘s portion is elaborately described in Josephus, Ant. i. 6, 1. , i. e. the river Don. 4 In N. Asia. Josephus identifies Gog with the Scythians. Qilt probably the Celts. ? Africa. T ? Phrygia. i. e. the Sea of Azov (see viii. 12 above). ? the Ural mountains (cf. viii. 12 above). 10 Including, probably, Cyprus, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica. ., u -, Ethiopia. ” i. . Egypt. 9 1 chap. IX] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 77 of him for Put,1 and to the west of him [and to the west thereof] on the sea for Canaan.8 2. And Shem also divided amongst his sons, and the first portion came forth for Elam and his sons, to the east of the the river Tigris till it approacheth the east, the whole land of India, and on the Red Sea on its coast, and -the. waters of Ddan, and all the mountains of Mebri and ‘la, and all the land of Susan and all that is on the side of Pharnak 4 to the Red Sea and the river Tina. 3. And for Asshur came forth the second portion, all the land of Asshur and Nineveh and r bhinar and to the border of India, and it ascendeth and skirteth the river. 4. And for Arpachshad came forth the third portion, all the land of the region of the Chaldees io the east of the Euphrates, bordering on lV the Red Sea, and all the waters of the desert close to r ‘ the tongue of the sea which looketh towards! Egypt, all the land of Lebanon and Sanfr and ‘Amana 8 to the border of the Euphrates. 5. And for Aram e there came forth the fourth portion, all the land of Mesopo- tamia between the Tigris and the Euphrates to the north of the Chaldees to the border of the mountains of Asshur and the land of ‘Arara.7 6. And there came forth for Lud8 the fifth portion, the mountains of Asshur and all appertaining to them till it reacheth -. the Great Sea, and till it reacheth the east of Asshur his brother. 7. And Japheth also divided the land of his inheritance amongst his sons. 8.. And the first portion came forth for Gomer to the east from the north side to the river Tina; and in che north there came forth for Magog all the inner portions of the north until it reacheth to the sea of M6’at. 9 And i. 9. Libya (west of Egypt). . . the Atlantic. Fqr Canaan’s portion (from Libya to the Atlantic] cf. x. 28-29. For 1 cf. Gen. x. 6. 4 ? Pharnacia on the coast of Pontus (Charles). Cf. viii. 21. t. e. the Syrians. T Ararat; cf. viii. 21. According to Josephus the descendants of Lud were the Lydians. 78 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, ix for Madai came forth as his portion that he should possess from the west of his two brothers to the islands,1 and to the coasts of the islands. 10. And for Javan came forth the fourth portion every island and the islands which are towards the border of Lud. II. And for Tubal there came forth the fifth portion in the midst of the tongue which approacheth towards the border of the portion of Lud to the second tongue, to the region beyond the second tongue unto the third tongue.6 12. And for Meshech came forth the sixth portion, all the region beyond the third tongue till it approacheth the east of Gadir.7 13. And for Tiras there came forth the seventh portion, four great islands in the midst of the sea, which reach to the portion of Ham [and the islands of Kamaturi came out by lot for the sons of Arpachshad as his inheritance].10 14. And thus the sons of Noah divided unto their sons in the presence of Noah their father, and he bound them all by an oath, imprecating a curse on every one that sought to seize the portion which had not fallen (to him) by his lot. 15. And they all said, “So be it ; so be it,” for themselves and their sons for ever throughout their generations till the day of judgment, on which the Lord God shall judge them with a sword and with fire, for all the unclean wickedness of their errors, wherewith they have filled the earth with transgression and uncleanness and fornication and sin. 1 Including ( ?) Britain and Ireland. i.e. properly Ionia (so Isa. lxvi. 19; Ezek. xxvii. 13) : but in Daniel (viii. 21, x. 20, xi. 2) it the Graeco-Mace- donian Empire. Here it seems to embrace all the islands off the coast of Asia Minor. ? coastland. Tubal’s portion apparently extends from Thrace to Italy. ‘ The three tongues of land may be Thrace, Greece and Italy. i. e. probably Italy. T 1. e. Cadiz. The descendants of Tiras may have been the Tyrseni, a branch of the Pelasgians. Cf. viii. 29. M The bracketed words are probably an interpolation (Charles). Arpachsad was a son of Shem. vift4r weeks and five years. 17. And in his life on earth he excelled the children of men save Enoch because of the righteousness, wherein he was perfect. For Enoch’s office was ordained for a testimony to the genera- tions of the world,1 so that he should recount all the deeds of generation unto generation, till the day of judgment. The Tower o! Babel and the Confusion of Tongues (x. 1-27; cf. Gen. xi. 1-9). 18. And in the three and thirtieth jubilee, in the first year in the second week, Peleg took to himself a wife, whose name was L6rmijLJieLjiaji and she bare him a son in the fourth year of this week, and he called his name Reu ; for he said : 11 Behold the children of men have become evil s through the wicked purpose of building for themselves a city and a tnwpr jp the land of Shinar.” 19. For they departed from the land of Ararat eastward to Shinar; for in his days they built the city and the tower, saying, ” Go to, let us ascend thereby into heaven.” 20. And they began to build, and in the fourth week they made brick with fire, and the bricks served them for stone, and the clay 5 with which they cemented them together was asphalt which cometh out of the sea, and out of the fountains of water in the land of Shinar. 21. And they built it : forty and three years were they building it ;. its i 1 Cf. iv. 24. Cf. Gen. xi. 18. There is a play 00 the name Reu in Hebrew here re’ A . . . ra). 4 Cf. Gen. xi. 4. Cf. Gen. xi. 3. F 82 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, x breadth was 203 bricks, and the height (of a brick) was the third of one; its height amounted to 5433 cubits and 2 palms, and (the extent of one wall was) thirteen stades (and of the other thirty stades). 22. And the Lord our God said unto us : ” Behold, they are one people, and (this) they begin to do, and now nothing will be withholden from them. Go to, let us go -down and confound their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech and they may be dispersed into cities and nations, and one purpose will no longer abide with them till the day of judgment.” 23. And the Lord descended, and we descended with Him to see the city and the tower which the children of men had built. 24. And He confounded their language, and they no longer understood one another’s speech, and they ceased then to build the city and the tower. 25. For this reason the whole land of Shinar is called Babel, be- cause the Lord did there confound all the language of the children of men, and from thence they were dis- persed into their cities, each according to his language x and his nation.1 26. And the Lord sent a jniglity blood n nn the earth. ancTto eat Slood, and to build strong cities, and walls, and towers, and individuals (began) to exalt them- selves above the nation, and to found the beginnings of kingdoms, and to go to war people against people, and nation against nation, and city against city, and all (began) to do evil, and to acquire arms, and to teach their sons war, and they began to capture ‘cities, and to sell male and female slaves. 3. And ‘Or, the son of K6s6d,4 built the city of ‘Ara 5 of the Chaldees, and called its name after his own name and the name of his father. 4. And they made for selves molten images, and they worshipped each the idol, the molten image which they had made for themselves, and they began to make graven images ind unclean simulacra, and malignant spirits assisted 1 Cf. Gen, xi. 20 f. (MT. has Strug for SirSh). In 2-6 the corruption of mankind is ascribed to the period of Serug. A note of hostility to monarchy. The place name Ur Kasdxm ” Ur of the Chaldees “) is here transformed into the names of two persons, after whom the city is named. i .. Ur. 3.v;?v’v. chap, xi] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 85 knd seduced (them) into committing transgression land uncleanness. 5. And the prince Maste’ma exerted nimself to do all this, and he sent forth other spirits, those which were put under his hand, to do all manner of wrong and sin, and all manner of transgression, to corrupt and destroy, and to shed blood upon the earth.1 6. For this reason he called the name of S6r6h, Serug, for every one turned to do all manner of sin and transgression. 7. And he grew up, and dwelt in Ur of the Chaldees, near to the father of his wife’s mother, and he worshipped idols, and he took to himself a wife in the thirty-sixth jubilee, in the fifth week, in the first year thereof, and her name was Mglka, the daughter of Kab6r, the daughter of his fathers brother. 8. And she bare him Nahor, in the first year of this week, and he grew and dwelt in Ur of the Chaldees, and his father taught him the researches of the Chaldees to divine and augur, according to the signs of heaven. 9. And in the thirty-seventh jubilee, in the sixth week, in the first year thereof, he took to himself a wife, and her name was ‘tjaska,8 the daughter of Ne’stag of the Chaldees. 10. And she bare him Terah 4Tntrie seventh year of this week. 11. And the prince Maste’ma sent ravens and birds to devour the seed which was sown in the land, in order to destroy the land, and rob the children of men of their labours. Before they could plough in the seed, the ravens picked (it) from the surface of the ground. 12. And for this reason he called his name Terah, because the ravens and the birds reduced them to destitution and devoured their seed.5 13. And the years began to be barren, owing to the birds, and they devoured all the fruit of the 1 Cf. 1 Enoch xvi. ‘ In Gen. xi. 29 Milcah is the name of the wife of Nahor, Abram’9 brother. 1 Iscah (cf. Gen. xi. 29; but there 8he is daughter of Haran). 4 Cf. Gen. xi. 24. 8 Apparently some play on the name Terah is involved in the original Hebrew,’ but the explanation is uncertain. 86 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, xi trees Jrom the trees : it was only with great effort that they could save a little of all the fruit of the 1 870 a.m. earth in their days. 14. And in this thirty-ninth jubilee, in the second week in the first year, Terah took to himself a wife, and her name was ‘fcdna the daughter of ‘AbramJ-the daughter of his” father’s 1876 a.m. sister? 15. And in the seventh year of this week she bare him a son, and he called his name Abram, by the name of the father of his mother ; for he had died before his daughter had conceived a son.8 Abram ‘s Knowledge of God and wonderful Deeds (xi. 16-24). 16. And the child began to understand the errors of the earth that all went astray after graven images and after uncleanness, and his father taught him 1 890 a.m. writing, and he was two weeks of years old, and he separated himself from his father,4 that he might not worship idols with him. 17. And he began to pray to the Creator of all things that He might save him from the errors of the children of men, and that his portion should not fall into error after uncleanness and vileness. 18. And the seed time came for the sowing of seed upon the land, and they all went forth together to protect their seed against the ravens, and Abram went forth with those that went, and the child was a lad of fourteen years. 19. And a cloud of ravens came to devour the seed, and Abram ran to meet them before they settled on the ground, and cried to them before they settled on the ground to devour the seed, and said, ” Descend not : return to the place 1 According to the Talmud (Baba bathra gia) her name was Amthelai, daughter of Karnebo. i. e. the grandfather of the Biblical Abram. 1 It was customary to name a child after a grandfather. Here the child’s name apparently perpetuates the memory of a grandfather who had died before the child was conceived. This is the theme of much later Jewish legend. See especially the first part of the Apocalypse of Abraham, an edition of which appears in this series. Cf. xii. 1-14 below. chap, xi] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 87 whence ye came,” and they proceeded to turn back. 20. And he caused the clouds of ravens to turn back that day seventy times, and of all the ravens through- out all the land where Abram was there settled there not so much as one. 21. And all who were with him throughout all the land saw him cry out, and all the ravens turn back, and his name became great in all the land of the Chaldees. 22. And there came to him this year all those that wished to sow, and he went with them until the time of sowing ceased : and they sowed their land, and that year they brought enough grain home and ate and were satisfied. 23. And in the first year of the fifth week Abram taught those who made implements for oxen, the artificers in wood, and they made a vessel above the ground, facing the frame of the plough,1 in order to put the seed thereon, and the seed fell down therefrom upon the share of the plough, and was hidden in the earth, and they no longer feared the ravens. 24. And after this manner they made (vessels) above the ground on all the frames of the ploughs, and they sowed and tilled all the land, according as Abram commanded them, and they no longer feared the birds. Abram seeks to convert Terah from Idolatry ; the Family of Terah (cf. Gen. xi. 27-30). Abram burns the Idols. Death of Haran (cf. Gen. xi. 28) (xii. 1-14). XII. And it came to pass in the sixth week, in the seventh year thereof, that Abram said to Terah his father, saying, ” Father 1 ” And he said, ” Behold, here am I, my son.” 2. And he said, 1 An improved method of sowing by means of a sced- scatterer attached to the plough (Arab, biik) is here described. This marked an advance on the primitive method of scatter- ing the seed by hand, and its invention is ascribed to Abraham. In Rabbinical tradition Noah is the inventor of the plough and kindred instruments. Cf. Krauss, Talmudische Atchjo- ogxe, ii. 553 (note 151). 88 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, xn “What help and profit have we from those idols which thou dost worship, And before which thou dost bow thyself ? 3. For there is rio spirit in them,2 For they aire dumb forms, and a misleading of the he. art. Worship them not : 4. Worship the God of heaven, Who causeth the rain and the dew to descend on the earth,8 And doeth everything upon the earth, And hath created everything by His word,4 And all life is from before His face. 5. Why do ye worship things that have no spirit in them? For they are the work of (men’s) hands,6 And on your shoulders do ye bear them, And ye have no help from them, But they are a great cause of shame to those who make them, And a misleading of the heart to those who worship them : Worship them not.” 6. And his father said unto him, ” I also know it, my son, but what shall I do with a people who have made me to serve before them ? 7. And if I tell them the truth, they will slay me ; for their soul cleaveth 1 In 1-14 we have an early form of the legend of Abram’s protest against idolatry. This section has remarkable parallels, both in thought and expression, with chaps, i.-viii. of the Apocalypse of Abraham. In the later (Rabbinic) forms of the legend Abram’s birth excites the alarm of Nimrod, who endeavours to destroy him in a furnace of fire. a. Cf. Ps. exxxv. 17. Cf. xx. 9; Jer. xiv. 22. 4 Cf. Ps. xxxiii. 6; Heb. xi. 3 ; 2 Pet. iii. 5; 4 Ezra vi. 38. Cf. Jer. x. 3, 9. Cf- Jsa. xlvi. 7; Jer. x. 5; Assumpt. Moses, viii. 4. chap, xii] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 89 to them to worship them and honour them. Keep silent,1 my son, lest they slay thee.” 8. And these words he spake to his two brothers, and they were angry with him and he kept silent. 9. And in the fortieth jubilee, in the second week, in the seventh 1925 year thereof, Abram took to himself a wife, and her name was Sarai, the daughter of his father, and she became his wife.1 10. And Haran, his brother, took to himself a wife in the third year of the third week, and she bare him a son in the seventh year of this 1932 week and he called his name Lot. 11. And Nahor, his brother, took to himself a wife.8 12. And in the sixtieth year of the life of Abram, that is, in the J936 fourth week, in the fourth year thereof, Abram arose by night, and burned the house of the idols, and he burned all that was in the house, and no man knew it. 13. And they arose in the night and sought to save their gods from the midst of the fire. 14. And Haran hasted to save them, but the fire flamed over him, and he was burnt in the fire, and he died in Ur of the Chaldees before Terah his father, and they buried him in Ur of the Chaldees.4 The Family of Terah in Haran ; Abram ‘s Experiences there ; his Journey to Canaan (xii. 15-31 ; cf. Gen. xi, 31-xii. 3). 15. And Terah went forth from Ur of the Chaldees, he and his sons, to go into the land of Lebanon and into the land of Canaan, and he dwelt in the land of Haran, and Abram, dwelt with Terah his father in 1 In Ap. Abraham Terah is indignant with Abraham for deriding the idols. Cf. Gen. xx. 12, according to which Sarah was Abraham’s half-sister. According to Rabbinic tradition marriage with half-sisters on the father’s side was permitted to the descen- dants of Noah. In Lev. xviii. 9, II, xx. 17, marriage with a sister or half-sister is strictly forbidden. According to Gen. xi. 29, Milcah. In Ap. Abraham, viii. the fire descends from heaven and burns the house and all in it (including Terah). Only Abraham escapes. 90 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, xii Haran two weeks of years.1 16. And in the sixth 1951 a.m. week, in the fifth year thereof, Abram sat up through- out the night on the new moon of the seventh month to observe the stars from the evening to the morning, in order to see what would be the character of the year with regard to the rains, and he was alone as he sat and observed. 17. And a word came into his heart and he said : ” All the signs of the stars, and the signs of the moon and of the sun are all in the hand of the Lord. Why do I search (them) out ? 18. If He desireth, He causeth it to rain, morning and evening ; And if He desireth, He withholdeth it, And all things are. in His hand.'”‘ 19. And he prayed that night and said ” My God, 6od Most High, Thou alone art my God, And Thee and Thy dominion have I chosen. And Thou hast created all things, And all things that are are the work of Thy hands. 20. Deliver me from the hands of evil spirits who have sway over the thoughts of men’s hearts, And let them not lead me astray from Thee, my God. And stablish Thou me and my seed for ever That we go not astray from henceforth and for evermore.” 21. And he said, ” Shall I return unto Ur of the Chal- dees who seek my face that I may return to them, or am I to remain here in this place? The right path before Thee prosper it in the hands of Thy servant that he may fulfil (it) and that I may not walk in the deceitfulness of my heart, O my God.” 22. And he made an end of speaking and praying, and behold the word of the Lord was sent to him through me, saying : 11 Get thee up from thy country, and from thy kindred and from the house of thy father unto a land which I shall show thee, and I shall make thee a great and numerous nation. 1 Cf. Gen. xi. 31. chap, xii] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 91 23. And I shall bless thee And I shall make thy name great, And thou wilt be blessed in the earth, And in thee will all families of the earth be blessed, And I shall bless them that bless thee, And curse them that curse thee.1 24. And I shall be a God to thee and thy son, and to thy son’s son, and to all thy seed : fear not, from henceforth and unto all generations of the earth I am thy God.” 25. And the Lord God said : ” Open his mouth and his ears, that he may hear and speak with his mouth, with the language which hath been revealed ” ; a for it had ceased from the mouths of all the children of men from the day of the overthrow (of Babel). 26. And 1 8 opened his mouth, and his ears and his lips, and I began to speak with him in Hebrew in the tongue of the creation. 27. And he jtook the booksof his fathers, and these were written irHkebrew, and he transcribed them, and he began from henceforth to study them, and I madand Amraphel, king of Shinar, and Arioch, king of Sl’asar,4 and Tfirgal, king of nations, and slew the king of Gomorrah, and the king of Sodom fled, and many fell through wounds in the vale of Siddim, by the Salt Sea. 23. And they took captive Sodom and Adam and Zeboim, and they took cap- tive Lot also, the son of Abram’s brother, and all his possessions, and they went to Dan.7 24. And one who had escaped came and told Abram that his brother’s son had been taken captive and (Abram) armed 8 his household servants. 25. . . . . . . jor Abram, and for his seed, a For 10-21 cf. Gen. xiii. 14A-18. Cf. Gen. xxii. 17 (Gen. xiii. 16 has ” as the dust of the earth “). ” So that if a man can number . . . then shall thy seed also be numbered ” (Gen. xiii. 16). MT Ellasar. MT Tidal (for form here cf. LXX Gapydk). i. e. Admah. Cf. Gen. xiv. 14. R.V. “led forth”; the rendering “armed” has the support of the Targum Onkelos. chap, xiii] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 95 tenth of the first-fruits to the Lord,1 and the Lord ordained it as an ordinance for ever that they should give it to the priests who served before Him, that they should possess it for ever.1 26. And to this law there is no limit of days ; for He hath ordained it for the generations for ever that they should give to the Lord the tenth of everything, of the seed and of the wine and of the oil and of the cattle and of the sheep. 27. And He gave (it) unto His priests to eat and to drink with joy before Him. 28. And the king of Sodom came to him and bowed himself before liim, and said : ” Our Lord Abram, give unto us the 4 souls which thou hast rescued, but let the booty be thine.” 29. And Abram said unto him : ” I lift up my hands to the Most High God, that from a thread to a shoe-latchet I shall not take aught that is thine, lest thou shouldst say I have made Abram rich; save only what the young men have eaten, and the portion of the men who went with me Aner, Eschol, and Mamre. These will take their portion.” 8 God’s Covenant with Abram (xiv. 1-20 ; cf. Gen. xv.). XIV.4 After these thingsin the fourth year of this week, on the newmoon of the third month the word of the Lord came to Abram in a dream, saying : ” Fear not, Abram ; I am thy defender, and thy reward will be exceeding great.” 2. And he said : 11 Lord, Lord, what wilt thou give me, seeing I go 1 Charles suspects a lacuna at the beginning of 25. It no doubt contained an account of the pursuit of the kings and told of Melchizedek (cf. Gen. xiv. 15-20). That Abraham should have given tithes to Melchizedek (who was uncircum- cised) was a difficulty to later Jews (cf. Justin, Trypho xix.). One way of overcoming it was to identify Melchizedek with Shem. 1 The law about tithes is made to apply for the Levitical priesthood; cf. xxxii. 15. ‘ For 28-29 cf. Gen. xiv. 21-24. 4 For 1-6 cf. Gen. xv. 1-6. 96 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, xiv hence childless, and the son of Masq,1 the son of my handmaid, is the Dammasek Eliezer : he will be my heir, and to me thou hast given no seed.” 3. And He said unto him : ” This (man) will not be thy heir, but one that will come out of thine own bowels ; he will be thine heir.” 4. And He brought him forth abroad, and said unto him : ” Look toward heaven and number the stars, if thou art able to number them.” 5. And he looked toward heaven, and beheld the stars. And He said unto him : ” So shall thy seed be.” 6. And he believed in the Lord, and it was counted to him for righteousness. 7. And He said unto him : “I am the Lord that Drought thee out of Ur of the Chaldees, to give thee the land of the Canaanites to possess it for ever; and I shall be God unto thee and to thy seed after thee.”1 8. And he said: “Lord, Lord, whereby shall I know that I shall inherit (it) ? ” 9. And he said unto him : .” Take Me an heifer of three years, and a goat of three years, and a sheep of three years, and a turtle-dove, and a pigeon.” 8 10. And he took all these in the middle of the month ; and he dwelt at the oak of Mamre, which is near Hebron.4 II. And he built there an altar, and sacrificed all these ; and he poured their blood upon the altar, and divided them in the midst, and laid them over against each other; but the birds divided he not. 12. And birds came down upon the pieces, and Abram drove them away, and did not suffer the birds to touch them.5 13. And it came to pass, when the sun had set, that an ecstasy fell upon Abram, and lo ! an horror of great darkness fell upon him, and it was said unto Abram : ” Know of a surety that thy seed shall be a stranger in a land (that is) not theirs, and they will bring them into bondage, and afflict them foji- 1 Wrongly taken as a proper narne (cf. R.V.). So LXX. Cf. Gen. xv. 7. For -9 cf. Gen. xv. 6-9. 4 Cf. Gen. xiv. 13. 1 For 11-12 cf. Gen. xv. 10-11. Chap.Xiv] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES . 97 hundred years. l 14. And the nation also to whom they will be in bondage shall I judge, and after that they will come forth thence with much substance. 15. And thou wilt go to thy fathers in peace, and be buried in a good old age. 16. But in the fourth generation they will return hither ; for the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet full.” s 17. And he awoke from his sleep, and he arose, and the sun had set ; and there was a flame, and behold 1 a furnace was smoking, and a flame of fire passed between the pieces. 18. And on that day the Lord made a covenant with Abram, saying : ” To thy seed will I give this land, from the river of Egypt unto the great river, the river Euphrates, the Kenites, the Kenizzites, the Kad- monites, the Perizzites, and the Rephaim, the Phakor- ites,4 and the Hivites,5 and the Amorites, and the Canaanites, and the Girgashites, and the Jebusites.” 6 19. And the day passed, and Abram offered the pieces, and the birds, and their fruit -offerings, and their drink- offerings, and the fire devoured them. 20. And on that day 7 we made a covenant with Abram, according as we had covenanted with Noah in this month ; 8 and Abram renewed the festival and ordinance for himself for ever. 1 Cf. Gen. xv. 13, but Exod. xii. 40 gives the number 430. Tradition assumes that the number includes the sojourn of the Patriarchs in Canaan. Our text reckons the period from the birth of Isaac (when Abraham was 100 years old). St. Paul (Gal. iii. 16-17) reckons 430 years from the announce- ment. According to Targ. Ps.-Jon. on Exod. xii. 40 f., the odd 30 years cover the period between the announcement and Isaac’s birth. A generation 100 years. Isaac was born when Abra- ham was 100 years old (Gen. xxi. 5). For 13-16 cf. Gen. xv. 12-16. 4 Absent from MT (which inserts ” Hittite ” before ” Periz- tite “). So LXX and Sam. here (Gen. xv. 20) ; but MT, Syr. and Vulg. omit. For 17-18 cf. Gen. xv. 17-21. ‘ t. e. the 15th of Sivan. Probably, according to our author, on the same day of the month. G 98 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, Xiv The Birth of Ishmael (xiv. 21-24; c Gn- xvi. 1-4. 11). 21. And Abram rejoiced, and made all these things known to Sarai his wife ; and he believed that he would have seed, but she did not bear. 22. And Sarai advised her husband Abram, and said unto him : ” Go in unto Hagar, my Egyptian maid : it may be that I shall build up seed unto thee by her. ‘ 23. And Abram hearkened unto the voice of Sarai his wife, and said unto her, “Do (so).” And Sarai took Hagar, her maid, the Egyptian, and gave her to Abram, her husband, to be his wife. 24. And he went in unto her, and she conceived and bare him a son, and he called his name Ishmael, in the r65 a.m. fifth year of this week ; and this was the eighty-sixth year in the life of Abram. The Feast of First-fruits. Circumcision in- stituted. The Promise of Isaac’s Birth. Circumcision ordained for all Israel (xv. 1-34; cf. Gen. xvii.). XV. And in the fifth year of the ffourthf 1 week of this jubilee, in the third month, in the middle of the month,8 Abram celebrated the feast of the first- fruitS ot trie grain harvest. 2. And he offered new offerings on the altar, the first-fruits of the produce, unto the Lord, an heifer and a goat and a sheep on the altar as a burnt sacrifice unto the Lord ; their fruit-offerings and their drink-offerings he offered upon the altar with frankincense.4 3. And the Lord appeared to Abram, and said unto him : ” I am God Almighty ; approve thyself before Me and be thou perfect. 4. And I will make My covenant between 1 Read ” third.” i. e. the 15th of Sivan. i. e. the Feast of Weeks. The Pharisees celebrated this feast not on Sivan 15th, but on Sivan 6th. See further Introduction. 4 Cf. xiv. 9. The offerings prescribed for this festival in Lev. xxiii. 1-20 are different. chap, xv] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 99 Me and thee, and I will multiply thee exceedingly.” l 5.’ And Abram fell on his face, and God talked with him, and said : 6. ” Behold My ordinance is with thee, And thou wilt be the father of many nations. 7. Neither will thy name any more be called Abram, But thy name from henceforth, even for ever, shall be Abraham. For the father of many nations have I made thee. 8. And I shall make thee very great, And I shall make thee into nations, And kings will come forth from thee. 9. And I shall establish My covenant between Me and thee, and thy seed after thee, throughout their generations, for an eternal covenant, so that I may be a God unto thee, and to thy seed after thee. 10. (And I shall give to thee and to thy seed after thee) 8 the land where thou hast been a sojourner, the land of Canaan, that thou mayst possess it for ever, and I shall be their God.” II.1 And the Lord said unto Abraham : ” And as for thee, do thou keep My Covenant, thou and thy seed after thee ; and circum- cise ye every male among you, and circumcise your foresKins, and it will be a token of an eternal covenant between Me and you. 12. And the child on the eighth day 6 ye will circumcise, every male throughout your generations, him that is born in the house, or whom ye have bought with money from any stranger, whom ye have acquired who is not of thy seed. 13. He that is born in thy house will surely be circum- cised, and those whom thou hast bought with money will be circumcised, and My covenant will be in your 1 For 3-4 cf. Gen. xvii. i f. For 5-10 cf. Gen. xvii. 3-8. The bracketed words (lost through homoioteleuton) are restored from Gen. xvii. 8. 4 For 11-13 cf. Gen. xvii. 0-13. MT has ” and the child of eight days” Our text here may be a deliberate alteration. loo THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, xv flesh for an eternal ordinance. 14.1 And the uncir- cumcised male who is not circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin on the eighth day, that soul will be cut . off from his people, for he hath broken My covenant.” I5.a And God said unto Abraham : “As for Sarai thy wife, her name will no more be called Sarai, but Sarah will be her name. 16. And I shall bless her, and give thee a son by her, and I shall bless him,4 and he will become a nation, and kings of nations will proceed from him.” 17. And Abraham fell on his face, and rejoiced, and said in his heart : ” Shall a son be born to him that is a hundred years old, and shall Sarah, who is ninety years old, bring forth ? ” 18. And Abraham said unto God : ” O that Ishmael might live before thee I ” 19. And God said : ” Yea, and Sarah also will bear thee a son, and thou wilt call his name Isaac, and I shall establish My covenant with him, an everlasting covenant, and for his seed after him. 20. And as for Ishmael also have I heard thee, and behold I shall bless him, and make him great, and multiply him exceedingly, and he will Deget twelve princes, and I shall make him a great nation. 21. But My covenant shall I establish with Isaac, whom Sarah will bear to thee, in these days, in the next year.” 22. And He left off speaking with him, and God went up from Abraham. 23. And Abraham did according as God had said unto him, and he took Ishmael his son, and all that were born in his house, and whom he had bought with his money, every male in his house, and circumcised the flesh of their fore- 1 For 14 cf. Gen. xvii. 14. The words on the eighth day are absent from the text oi Gen. xvii. 14, in MT, Syr. and Vulg., but are attested by the LXX and Sam. The strict rule about the eighth day was later relaxed among the Jews, but is still practised by the Samaritans. For 15-22 cf. Gen. xvii. 15-22. So LXX, Sam., Syr. and Vulg. of Gen. xvii. 22. But MT makes the text refer to Sarah (” yea, I will bless her, [and she shall be a mother of nations : kings of peoples shall be of her]’ R.V.). For 23-24 cf. Gen. xvii. 23-27. chap, xv] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 101 skin. 24. And on the selfsame day1 was Abraham circumcised, and all the men of his house, (and those born in the house), and all those, whom he had bought with money from the children of the stranger, were circumcised with, him. 25. This law is for all the generations for ever, and there is no circumcision of the days,1 and no omission of one day out of the eight days; for it is an eternal ordinance, ordained and written on the heavenly tables. 26. And every one that is born, the flesh of whose foreskin is not circumcised on the eighth day, belongeth not to the children of the covenant which the Lord made with Abraham, but to the children of destruction ; nor is there, moreover, any sign on him that he is the Lord’s, but (he is destined) to be destroyed and slain from the earth, and to be rooted out of the earth, for he hath broken the covenant of the Lord our God. 27. For all the angels of the presence and all the angels of sanctification 5 have been so created 6 from the day of their creation, and before the angels of the presence and the angels of sanctification He hath sanctified Israel, that they should be with Him and with His holy angels. 28. And do thou command the children of Israel and let them observe the sign of this covenant for their generations as an eternal ordinance, and they will not be rooted out of the land. 29. For the command is ordained for a covenant, that they should observe it for ever among all the children of Israel. 30. For Ishmael and his sons and his brothers and Esau, the Lord did not cause to approach Him, and he chose them not because they are the children of Abraham, because He knew them, but He chose Israel to be His people. 31. And He 1 i. e. the 15th of Sivan. 1 i. t. ? of the days preceding the eighth day. Only on the eighth day is the rite to be performed. 4 Ethiop. MSS. and Lat. have ” till.” The two highest orders of angels, who share with Israel the privilege of observing the Sabbath (cf. ii. 18-21). and of being circumcised. t. . have been created circumcised. 102 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, xv sanctified it, and gathered it from amongst all the children of men 1 ; for there are many nations and many peoples, and all are His, and over all hath He placed spirits in authority to lead them astray a from Him. 32. But over Israel He .did not appoint any angel or spirit, for He alone is their ruler, and He will preserve them and require them at the hand of His angels and His spirits, and at the hand of all His powers in order that He may preserve them and bless them, and that they may be His and He may be theirs from henceforth tor ever. 33. And now I announce unto thee that the children of Israel will not keep true to this ordinance, and they will not circumcise their sons according to all this law ; for in the flesh of their circumcision they will omit this circumcision of their sons, and all of them, sons of Beliar,3 will leave their sons uncircumcised as they were born.4 34. And there will be great wrath from the Lord against the children of Israel, because they have forsaken His covenant and turned aside from His word, and pro- voked and blasphemed, inasmuch as they do not observe the ordinance of this law ; for they have treated their members like the Gentiles, so that they may be removed and rooted out of the land. And there will no more be pardon or forgiveness unto them [so that there should be forgiveness and pardon] for all the sin of this eternal error. 1 Israel is God’s portion; cf. Deut. xxxii. 8-9 in the LXX form of which ” angels ” is read instead of ” children of Israel”; cf. also Ecclus. xvii. 17. The “seventy nations of the earth were placed under the dominion of seventy angels”; but in Dan. x. 13, 20, 21, xii. 1, Michael is referred to as Israel’s angel-prince. This describes the result, not the original purpose of their appointment. In i. 20 (see note). Beliar is clearly a Satanic being. This meaning may possibly be present in the use of the expression here. ” Sons of Belial ” is common in the O.T. (ex! e. g. 1 Sam. ii. 12). ‘ Apparently such apostasy was widely spread when our author wrote. f chap, xvi] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 103 Angelic Visitation of Abraham in Hebron ; Promise of Isaac’s Birth repeated. The Destruction of Sodom and ‘Lot’s Deliver- ance (xvi. 1-9; cf. Gen. xviii. -xix.). XVI. And on the new moon of hef fourth mnnfh we l appeared unto Abraham, at the oak of Mamre, and we talked with him, and we announced to him that a son would be given to him by Sarah his wife.2 2. And Sarah laughed, for she heard that we had spoken these words with Abraham, and we admon- ished her, and she became afraid, and denied that she had laughed on account of the words.8 3. And we told her the name of her son, as his name is ordained and written in the heavenly tables (i.e.) Isaac. 4. And (that) when we returned to her at a set time, she would have conceived a son. 5. And in lhis month the Lord executed his judgments on Sodom, and Go- morrah, and Zeboim,4 and all the region of the Jordan, and He burned them with fire and brimstone, and destroyed them until this day, even as [lo] I have declared unto thee all their works, that they are wicked and sinners exceedingly, and that they defile themselves and commit fornication in their flesh, and work uncleanness on the earth.6 6. And, in like manner, God will execute judgment on the places where they have done according to the uncleanness of the Sodomites, like unto the judgment of Sodom. 7. But Lot we saved ; for God remembered Abraham, and sent him out from the midst of the overthrow. 8. And he and his daughters committed sin upon the earth, such as had not been on the earth since the days of Adam till his time ; for the man lay with his daughters.8 9. And, behold, it was commanded and engraven concerning all his seed, on the heavenly tables, to remove them and root them out, and to 1 t. e. the angels. For 1 cf. Gen. xviii. 1, 10 (vers. 2-9 omitted). 0 Cf. Gen. xviii. 10, 12, 15. 4 Cf. Gen. xiv. 2, 8. For 5 cf. Gen. xix. 24. For 7-8 cf. Gen. xix. 29, 31 ff . 104 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, xvi execute judgment upon them like the judgment of Sodom, and to leave no seed of the man on earth on the day of condemnation. Abraham at Beersheba. Birth and Circum- cision of Jsaac (cf. Gen. xxi. 1-4). Institu- tion or the Feast of Tabernacles (xvi. 10-31). 10. And jn this month Abraham moved from Hebron, and departed and dwelt between Kadesh and Shur in the mountains l of Gerar. II. And in the middle of the fifth mouth lie moved from thence, and dwelt at the Well of the Oath.’ 12. 8 And in the middle of the sixth monlh the Lord visited Sarah and did unto her as He had spoken, and she conceived. 980 a.m. 13. And 29. And do not forsake him, nor set him at nought from henceforth unto the days of eternity, and may Thine eyes be opened upon him and upon his seed, that Thou mayest preserve him, and bless him, and mayest sanctify him as a nation for Thine inherit- ance ; 30. And bless him with all Thy blessings from henceforth unto all the days of eternity, and renew Thy covenant and Thy grace with him and with his seed according to all Thy good pleasure unto all the generations 01 the earth.” The Death and Burial of Abraham (xxiii. 1-8; cf. Gen. xxv. 7-10). XXIII. And he placed two fingers of Jacob on his eyes,8 and he blessed the God of gods, and he covered his face and stretched out his feet 4 and slept the sleep of eternity,5 and was gathered to his fathers. 2. And notwithstanding all this Jacob was lying in his bosom, and knew not that Abraham, his father’s father, was dead. 3. And Jacob awoke from his sleep, and behold Abraham was cold as ice, and he said: “Father, father!”; but there was none that spake, and he knew that he was dead. 4. And he arose from his bosom and ran and told Rebecca, his mother ; and Rebecca went to Isaac in the night and told him ; and they went together, and Jacob with them, and a lamp was in his hand, and when they had gone in they found Abraham lying dead. 5. And Isaac fell on the face of his father, and wept and kissed him 6. And the voices were heard in the house of Abraham, and Ishmael his son arose, and went to Abraham his father, and wept over 1 Cf. Num. vi. 26. 1 Cf. 1 Kings viii. 29, 52; Dan. ix. 18. Cf. Gen. xlvi. 4. The closing of the eyes (by the eldest son) should strictly only be done after death, according to Jewish tradition. 4 Cf. Gen. xlix. 33 (of the death of Jacob). s Cf. Jer. li. 39, 57. Cf. Gen. 1. 1. 128 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, xxiii Abraham his father, he and all the house of Abraham, and they wept with a great weeping. 7. And his sons Isaac and Ishmael buried him in the double cave,1 near Sarah his wife, and they wept for him forty days, all the men of his house, and Isaac and Ishmael, and all their sons, and all the sons of Ketuah in’ their places; and the days of weeping for Abraham were ended. 8. And he lived tnree jubilees and four weeks of years, one hundred and seventy-five years, and completed the days of his life, being old and full of days. The decreasing Years and increasing Corrup- tion of Mankind (xxiii. 9-17). 9. For the days of the forefathers, of their life, were nineteen jubilees; and after the Flood they began to grow less than nineteen jubilees, and to decrease in jubilees, and to grow old quickly, and to be full of their days by reason of manifold tribula- tion and the wickedness of their ways, with the exception of Abraham.1 10. For Abraham was per- fect in all his deeds with the Lord, and well-pleasing in righteousness all the days of his life ; and behold, he did not complete four jubilees in his life, when he had grown old by reason of the wickedness,8 and was full of his days. 11. And all the generations which will arise from this time until the day of the great judgment will grow old quickly, before they complete two jubilees, and their knowledge will forsake them by reason of their old age [and all their knowledge will vanish away].4 12. And-in those days, if a man live a jubilee and a half of years, they will say regarding him : “He hath lived long, and the greater part of his days are pain and sorrow and 1 i. e. Machpelah; cf. Gen. xxv. 9. Man’s years grow less as mankind grows more corrupt; cf. for a similar idea 4 Ezra v. 50-55. Even Abraham grew prematurely old owing to the universal wickedness. 4 Bracketed words a ditto graph. chap, xxm] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 129 tribulation,1 and there is no peace : 13. For calamity followeth on calamity, and wound on wound, and tribulation on tribulation, and evil tidings on evil tidings, and illness on illness, and all evil judgments such as these, one with another, illness and over- throw, and snow and frost and ice, and fever, and chills, and torpor, and famine, and death, and sword, and captivity, and all kinds of calamities and pains.” 14. And all these will come on an evil generation, which transgresseth on the earth : their works are uncleanness and fornication, and pollution and abominations.8 15. Then they will say : ” The days of the forefathers were many (even), unto a thousand years, and were good ; but, behold, the days of our life, if a man hath lived many, are three score years and ten, and, if he is strong, four score years, and those evil,4 and there is no peace in the days of this evil generation.” 16. And in that generation the sons will convict their fathers and their elders of sin and unrighteousness,5 and of the words of their mouth and the great wickednesses which they per- petrate, and concerning their forsaking the covenant which the Lord made between them and Him, that they should observe and do all His commandments and His ordinances and all His laws, without depart- ing either to the right hand or to the left.7 17. For all have done evil,8 and every mouth speaketh iniquity and all their works are an uncleanness and an abom- ination, and all their ways are pollution, uncleanness and destruction. 1 Cf. Ps. xc. 10. ? a picture of contemporary misfortunes (200 B.C. and following years). Cf. vii. 21, xx. 3k. ” Cf. Gen. xxvi. 34. 1 Cf. Gen. xxvii. 46, xxvi. 35. 4 i. e. 63. 138 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, xxv mother, the words of Abraham, our father, for he commanded me not to take a wife of the daughters of Canaan, but to take me a wife from the seed of my father’s house and from my kindred. 6. I have heard before that daughters have been born to Laban, thy brother, and I have set my heart on them to take a wife from amongst them, 7. And for this reason I have guarded myself in my spirit against sinning or being corrupted in all my ways throughout all the days of my life ; for with regard to lust and fornication, Abraham, my father; gave me many commands.1 8. And, despite all that he hath com- manded me, these two and twenty years my brother hath striven with me, and spoken frequently to me and said : ‘ My brother, take to wife a sister of my two wives’ ; but I refuse to do as he hath done. 9. I swear’ before thee, mother, that all the days of my life I will not take me a wife from the daughters of the seed of Canaan, and I will not act wickedly as my brother hath done. 19. Fear not, mother; be assured that I shall do thy will and walk in upright- ness, and not corrupt my ways for ever.” II. And thereupon she lifted up her face to heaven and extended the fingers of her hands, and opened her mouth and blessed the Most High God, who had created the heaven and the earth, and she gave Him thanks and praise. 12. And she said : ” Blessed be the Lord God, and may His holy name be blessed for ever and ever, who hath given me Jacob as a pure son and a holy seed ; for He is Thine, and Thine shall his seed be continually and throughout all the generations for evermore. 13. Bless him, 0 Lord, and place in my mouth the blessing of righteousness, that I may bless him.” 14. And at that hour, when the spirit of righteousness 2 descended into her mouth, she placed both her hands on the head of Jacob, and said : 1 Cf. xx. 4, xxxix. 6. 1 Cf? John xiv. 17, xv. 26, xvi. 13 (rb vvtvua tiji AxnffUr) ; a variant reading here is ” Holy Spirit.” chap, xxv] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 139 15. ” Blessed art thou, Lord of righteousness and God of the ages ; And may He bless thee beyond all the generations of men. May He give thee, my son, the path of righteous- ness, And reveal righteousness to thy seed. 16. And may He make thy sons many during thy life, And may they arise according to the number of the months of the year. And may their sons become many and great beyond the stars of heaven, And their numbers be more than the sand of the sea. 17. And may He give them this goodly land as He said He would give it to Abraham and to his seed after him alway And may they hold it as a possession for ever. 18. And may I see (born) unto thee, my son, blessed children during my life, And a blessed and holy seed may all thy seed be. 19. And as thou hast refreshed thy mother’s spirit during tmyt ne The womb of her that bare thee blesseth thee, [My affection] and my breasts bless thee And my mouth and my tongue praise thee greatly. 20. Increase and spread over the earth, And may thy seed be perfect in the joy of heaven and earth for ever ; And may thy seed rejoice, And on the great day of peace may it have peace. 21. And may thy name and thy seed endnre to all the ages, And may the Most High God be their God, And may the God of righteousness dwell with them, 1 Cf. Luke i. 55. Read ” thy ” (Charles). 140 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap.xxv And by them may His sanctuary be built unto all the ages.1 22. Blessed be he that blesseth thoc, And all flesh that curseth thee falsely may it be cursed ” 23. And sne kissed hiin, and said to him : ” May the Lord of the world love thee As the heart of thy mother and her affection’ rejoice in thee and bless thee.” And she ceased from blessing. Jacob obtains the Blessing of the Firstborn (xxvi. 1-35 ; cf. Gen. xxvii.). XXVI. And in the seventh year of this week Isaac called Esau, his elder son, and said unto him : ” I am old, my son, and behold my eyes are dim in seeing, and I know not the day of my death. 2. And now take thy hunting weapons, thy quiver and thy bow, and go out to the field, and hunt and catch me (venison), my son, and make me savoury meat, such as my soul loveth, and bring it to me that I may eat, and that my soul may bless thee before I die. 3. But Rebecca heard Isaac speaking to Esau. 4. And Esau went forth early to the field to hunt and catch and bring home to his father. 5. And Rebecca called JacpD, her .son, and said unto him : 11 Behold, I heard Isaac, thy father, speak unto Esau, thy brother, saying : ‘ Hunt for me, and make me savoury meat, and bring (it) to me that I may eat and bless thee before the Lord before I die.’ 6. And now, my son, obey my voice in that which I command thee : Go to thy flock and fetch me two good kids of the goats, and I will make them savoury meat for thy father, such as he loveth, and thou shalt bring (it) to thy father that he may eat and bless thee before the Lord before he die, and that thou mayst be blessed.” 7. And Jacob said to Rebecca his mother : ” Mother, I shall not withhold 1 Cf. i. 29. Cf. Gen. xxvii. 29. chap.xxvi] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 141 amy thing which my father would eat, and which would please him : only I fear, my mother, that he will recognise my voice and wish to touch me. 8. And thou knowest that I am smooth, and Esau, my brother, is hairy, and I shall appear before his eyes as an evildoer, and shall do a deed which he had not commanded me, and he will be wroth with me, and I shall bring upon myself a curse, and not a blessing.” 9. And ReDecca, his mother, said unto him : . ” Upon me be thy curse, my son, only obey my voice. ‘ 10. And Jacob obeyed the voice of Rebecca, his mother, and went and fetched two good and fat kids of the goats, and brought them to his mother, and his mother made them (savoury meat) such as he loved, n. And Rebecca took the goodly raiment of Esau, her elder son, which was with her in the house, and she clothed Jacob, her younger son, (with them), and she put the skins of the kids upon his hands and on the exposed parts of his neck. 12. And she gave the meat ana the bread which she had prepared into the hand of her son Jacob. 13. And Jacob went in to his father and said : ” I am thy son : I have done according as thou badest me : arise and sit and eat of that which I have caught, father, that thy soul may bless me.” 14. And Isaac said to his son : ” How hast thou found so quickly, my son?” 15. And Jacob said : ” Because (the Lord) thy God caused me to find.” 16. And Isaac said unto him : ” Come near, that I may feel thee, my son, if thou art my son Esau or not.” 17. And Jacob went near to Isaac, his father, and he felt him and said : 18. “The voice is Jacob’s voice, but the hands are the hands “of Esau,” and he discerned him not, because it was a dispensation from heaven l to remove his power of perception and Isaac discerned not, for his hands were hairy as (his brother) Esau’s, so that he blessed him. .19. And he said : M Art thou my son, Esau? ” and he said : ” I am thy son ” : and he said, ” iBring 1 Cf. 1 Kings xii. 15. i42 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap. Xxvl near to me that I may eat of that which thou hast caught, my son, that my soul may bless thee.” 20. And he brought near to him, and he did eat, and he brought him wine and he drank. 21. And Isaac, his father, said unto him : ” Come near and kiss me, my son.” And he came near and kissed him. – 22. And he smelled the smell of his raiment, and he blessed him and said : ” Behold, the smell of my son is as the smell of a (full) l field which the Lord hath blessed. 23. And may the Lord give thee of the dew of heaven And of the dew of the earth, and plenty of corn and oil : Let nations serve thee, And peoples bow down to thee. 24. Be lord over thy brethren, And let thy mother’s sons bow down to thee ; And may all the blessings wherewith the Lord hath blessed me and blessed Abraham, my father,4 Be imparted to thee and to thy seed for ever : Cursed be he that curseth thee, And blessed be he that blesseth thee.” 25. And it came to pass as soon as Isaac had made an end of blessing his son Jacob, and Jacob had gone forth from Isaac his father he hid himself andf1 Esau, his brother, came in from his hunting. 26. And he also made savoury meat, and brought (it) to his father, and said unto his father : ” Let my father arise, and eat of my venison that thy soul may bless me.” 27. And Isaac, his father, said unto him: 11 Who art thpu ? ” And he said unto him : ” I am thy first born, thy son Esau : I have done as thou hast commanded me.” 28. And Isaac was very 1 So Latin here, and Sam. LXX and Vulg. in Gen. xxvii. 27 : MT omits. Text of Gen. xxvii. 28 has ” fatness.” Text of Genesis has ” wine.” 4 Cf. Gen. xxviii. 4. Charles suspects this to be an addition to the text : read ” that.” Chap, xxvi j fH BOOK OF JUBILEES 143 greatly astonished, and said : ” Who is he that hath hunted and caught and brought (it) to me, and I have eaten of all before thou earnest, and have blessed him : (and) he shall be blessed, and all his seed for ever.” 29. And it came to pass when Esau heard the words of his father Isaac that he cried with an exceeding rreat’and bitter cry, and said unto his father: “Bless me, (even) me also, father.” 30. And he said unto him : ” Thy brother came with guile, and hath taken away thy blessing.” And he said : ” Now I know why his name is named Jacob : behold, he hath supplanted me these two times : he took away my birth-right, and now he hath taken away my blessing.” 31. And he said : ” Hast thou not reserved a blessing for me, father? ” and Isaac answered and said unto Esau : ” Behold, I have made him thy lord, Aad all his brethren have I given to him for servants, And with plenty of corn and wine and oil have I strengthened him : And what now shall I do for thee, my son ? ” 32. And Esau said to Isaac, his father : ” Hast thou but one blessing, O father ? Bless me, (even) me also, father ” : And Esau lifted up his voice and wept. 33. And Isaac answered and said unto him : ” Behold, far from the dew of the earth shall be thy dwelling, And far from the dew of heaven from above. 34. And by thy sword wilt thou live, And thou wilt serve thy brother. And it shall come to pass when thou becomest great,1 And dost shake his yoke from off thy neck, Thou wilt sin a complete sin unto death, 1 So Sam. of Gen. xxtii. 40: MT “when Thou shalt break loose.” 1 This line is a complete departure from the original text, which has : ” thou shalt shake his yoke from off thy neck.” The interpretation here given in the text has no support elsewhere. 144 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, xxvi And thy seed will be rooted out from under heaven.” 35. And Esau kept threatening Jacob because of the blessing wherewith his father blessed him, and he said in his heart : ” May the days of mourning for my father now come, so that I may slay my brother Jacob.” Rebecca induces Isaac to send Jacob to Meso- potamia. Jacob’s Dream and View at Bethel (xxyii. 1-27; cf. Gen. xxviii.). XXVII. And the words of Esau, her elder son, were told to Rebecca in a dream, and Rebecca sent and called Jacob her younger son, and said unto him : 2. ” Behold Esau thy brother will take vengeance on thee so as to kill thee. 3. Now, therefore, my son, obey my voice, and arise and flee thou to Laban, my brother, to Haran, and tarry with him a few days until thy brother’s anger turneth away, and he remove his anger from thee, and forget all that thou hast done ; then I will send and fetch thee from thence.” 4. And Jacob said: ” I am not afraid; if he wisheth to kill me, I will kill him.” 5. But she said unto him : ” Let me not be bereft of both my sons on one day.” 6. And Jacob said to Rebecca his mother : 44 Behold, thou knowest that my father hath become old, and doth not see because his eyes are dull, and if I leave him it will be evil in his eyes, because I leave him and go away from you, and my father will be angry, and will curse me. I will not go ; l when he sendeth me, then only will I go.” 7. And Rebecca said to Jacob : ” I will go in and speak to him, and he will send thee away.” 8. And Rebecca went in and said to Isaac : ” I loathe my life because of the two daughters of Heth, whom Esau hath taken him as wives; and if Jacob take a wife from among the daughters of the land such as these, for what purpose 1 The author desires to relieve Jacob of the reproach of leaving his father in his old age. chap, xxvn] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 145 do I further live ; for the daughters of Canaan are evil.”1 9. And Isaac called Jacob and blessed him, and admonished him and said unto him : 10. ” Do not take thee a wife of any of the daughters of Canaan ; arise and go to Mesopotamia, to the house of Bethuel, thy mother’s father, and take thee a wife from thence of the daughters of Laban, thy mother’s brother. 11. And God Almighty bless thee and increase and multiply thee that thou maycst become a company of nations, and give thee the blessings of my father Abraham, to thee and to thy seed after thee, that thou mayest inherit the land of thy sojournings and all the land which God gave to Abraham : go, my son, in peace.” 12. And Isaac sent Jacob away, and he went to Mesopotamia, to Laban the son of Bethuel the Syrian, the brother of Rebecca, Jacob’s mother. 13. And it came to pass after Jacob had arisen to go to Mesopotamia that the spirit of Rebecca was grieved after her son, and she wept. 14. And Isaac said to Rebecca : ” My sister,2 weep not on account of Jacob, my son ; for lie goeth in peace, and in peace will he return. 15. The Most High God will preserve him from all evil, and will be with him; for He will not forsake him all his days; 16. For I know that his ways will be prospered in all things wherever he goeth, until he return in peace to us, and we see him in peace. 17. Fear not on his acount, my sister, for he is on the upright path and he is a perfect man : and he is faithful and will not perish. Weep not.” 18. And Isaac comforted Rebecca on account of her son Jacob, and blessed him. 19. And Jacob went from the Well of the Oath to go to Haran on t lie first year of the second week in the forty-fourth jubilee, and he came to Luzon the mountains, that is, Bethel, on the new moon of the first month of this 2115A.M. 1 Cf. Gen. xxvii. 40. 2 The use of ” sister ” as a term of endearment (to a wife) maybe illustrated from Tobit v. 20, vii. 16; Canticles iv. 9, etc., but appears to be unknown to Rabbinic literature. Its use here may be designed to justify Isaac’s having called Rebecca his sister at Abimclcch’s court. K 146 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, xxvn week, and he came to the place at even and turned trom the way to the west of the road that night : and he slept there ; for the sun had set. 20. And he took one of the stones of that place and laid it (at his head) under the tree,1 and he was journeying alone, and he slept. 21. And he dreamt that night, and behold a ladder set up on the earth, and the top of it reached to heaven, and behold, the angels of the Lord ascended and descended on it : and behold, the Lord stood upon it. 22. And He spake to Jacob and said : “I am the Lord God of Abraham, thy father, and the God of Isaac ; the land whereon thou art sleeping, to thee shall I give it, and to thy seed after thee. 23. And thy seed will be as the dust of the earth, and thou wilt increase to the west and to the east, to the north and the south, and in thee and in thy seed will all the families of the nations be blessed. 24. And behold, I shall be with thee, and shall keep thee whithersoever thou goest, and I shall bring thee again into this land in peace; for I shall not leave thee until I do everything that I told thee of.” 25. And Jacob awoke from his sleep, and said, ” Truly this place is the house of the Lord, and I knew it not.” And he was afraid and said : ” Dread- ful is this place which is none other than the house of God, and this is the gate of heaven.” 26. And Jacob arose early in the morning, and took the stone which he had put under his head and set it up as a pillar for a sign, and he poured oil upon the top of it. And he called the name of that place Bethel; but the name of the place was Luz at the first. 27. And Jacob vowed a vow unto the Lord, saying : ” If the Lord will be with me, and will keep me in this way that I go, and give me bread to eat and raiment to put on, so that I come again to my father’s house in peace, then shall the Lord be my Cod, and this stone which I have set up as a pillar for a sign in this place, shall be the Lord’s house, and of all that thou givest me, I shall give the tenth to thee, my God.” 1 ? wtych marked a shrine. chap, xxviii] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 147 Jacob’s Marriage to Leah and Rachel ; his Children and Riches (xxviii. 1-30; cf. Gen. xxix., xxx., xxxi. 1-2). XXVIII. And he went on his journey, and came to the land of- the east, to Laban, the brother of Rebecca, and he was with him, and served him for Rachel his daughter one week.1 2 And in the first year of the third week he said unto him : ” Give me my wife, for whom I have served thee seven years; ” and Laban said unto Jacob. ” I will give thee thy wife.” 3. And Laban made a feast, and took Leah his elder daughter, and gave (her) to Jacob as a wife, and gave her Zilpah his handmaid for an handmaid ; and Jacob did not know, for he thought that she was Rachel. 4. And he went in unto her, and behold, she was Leah; and Jacob was angry with Laban, and said unto him : ” Why hast thou dealt thus with me ? Did not I serve thee for Rachel and not for Leah? Why hast thou wronged me? Take thy daughter, and I will go ; for thou hast done evil to me.” 5. For Jacob loved Rachel more than Leah ; for Leah’s eyes were weak, but her form was very handsome ; but Rachel had beautiful eyes and a beautiful and very handsome form.8 6. And Laban said to Jacob : “It is not so done in our country, to give the younger before the elder.” 4 And it is not right to do this ; for thus it is ordained and written in the heavenly tables, that no one should give his younger daughter before the elder but the elder one giveth first and after her the younger and the man who doeth so, they set down guilt against him in heaven, and none is righteous that doeth this thing, for this deed is evil before the Lord. 1 . . seven years. For 1 cf. Gen. xxix. 1, 20. For 2-4 cf. Gen. xxix. 21-25. Cf. Gen xxix. 1 7-1 8a. 4 Cf. Gen, xxix. 26. 1 The comment of the angels. This rule seems to be unknown to tradition. 148 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, xxvut 7. And command thou the children of Israel that they do not this thing ; let them neither take nor give the younger before they have given the elder, for it is very wicked. 8.1 And Laban said to Jacob : ” Let the seven days of the feast of this one pass by, and I shall give thee Rachel,2 that thou mayest serve me another seven years, that thou mayest pasture my sheep as thou didst in the former week.” 9. And on the day when the seven days of the feast of Leah had passed, Laban gave Rachel to Jacob, that he might serve him another seven years, and he gave to Rachel Bilhah, the sister of Zilpah,’ as a handmaid. 10. And he served yet other seven years for Rachel, for Leah had been given to him for nothing. 11. And the Lord opened the womb of Leah, and she con- ceived and Dare Jacob a son, and he 4 called his name 2122 a.m. Reuben,6 on the fourteenth day of the ninth month, in the first year of the third week. 12. But the womb of Rachel was closed, for the Lord saw that Leah was hated and Rachel loved. 13. And again Jacob went in unto Leah, and she conceived, and bare Jacob a second son, and he called his name 2124 a.m. Simeon, on the twenty-first of the tenth month, and in the third year of this week. 14. And again Jacob went in unto Leah, and she conceived, and bare him a third son, and he called his name Levi, in the new 2127 a.m. moon of the first month in the sixth year of this week. 1 For 8-10 cf. Gen. xxix. 27-29. 1 The marriage of two living sisters to the same man is expressly forbidden in the Mosaic Law; cf. Lev. xviii. i3. According to Test. Naphtali i. also, Bilhah and Zilpah were sisters. In later Jewish tradition they are represented as daughters of Laban; cf. e. g. Pirfye de R. Eliezer, xxxvi. 4 Gen. xxix. 32 has ” she called.” 6 The twelve sons of Jacob appear in our text in the same order as in Gen. xxix. 32-34, xxx. 1-24, xxxv. 17-18, viz. (1) Reuben; (2) Simeon; (3) Levi; (4) Judah ; (5) Dan; (6) Naphtali; (7) Gad; (8) Asher; (9) Issachar; (10) Zebulon; (11) Joseph; (12) Benjamin. A different order is given in Gen. xlix. and in the Test. XII Patriarchs. The order of birth, as given in Jubilees, is complicated by textual difficulties ; see Charles ad loc. chap, xxviii] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 149 15. And again Jacob went in unto her, and she conceived, and bare him a fourth son, and he called his name Judah, on the fifteenth of the third month, in the first year of the jfourthf week. 16. And on account of all this Rachel envied Leah, for she did not bear, and she said to Jacob : ” Give me children ” ; and Jacob said : ” Have I withheld from thee the fruits of thy womb? Have I forsaken thee? ” 17. And when Rachel saw that Leah had borne four sons to Jacob, Reuben and Simeon and Levi and Judah, she said unto him : ” Go in unto Bilhah my hand- maid, and she will conceive, and bear a son unto me.” 18. (And she gave (him) Bilhah her handmaid to wife.) And he went in unto her, and she conceived, and bare him a son, and he called his name Dan, on the ninth of, the sixth month, in the sixth year of the fthirdf week. 19. And Jacob went in again unto Bilhah a second time, and she conceived, and bare Jacob another son, and Rachel called his name Naphtali, on the fifth. of the seventh month, in the second year of the fourth week. 20. And when Leah saw that she had become sterile and did not bear, she envied (Rachel) and she also gave her handmaid Zilpah to Jacob to wife, and she conceived, and bare a son, and Leah called his name Gad, on the twelfth of the eighth month, in the third year of the fourth week. 21. And he went in again unto her, and she conceived, and bare him a second son, and Leah called his name Asher, on the second of the eleventh month, in the ffifthf year of the fourth week. 22. And Jacob went in unto Leah, and she conceived, and bare a son, and she called his name Issachar, on the fourth of the fifth month, in the fourth year of the fourth week, and she gave him to a nurse. 23. And Jacob went in again unto her, and she conceived, and bare two (children), a son and a daughter, and she called the name of the son Zebulon, and the name of the daughter Dinah, in the seventh of the seventh month, in the sixth year of the fourth vcek. 24. And the Lord was gracious to Rachel, and opened her womb, and she 150 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, xxvm conceived, and bare a son, and she called his name Joseph, on the new moon of the fourth month, in the 2134 A.M. fsixthj year in this lourth week. 5. And in the days when Joseph was born, Jacob said to La ban : ” Give me my wives and sons, and let me go to my father Isaac, and let me make me an house ; for I have completed the years in which I have served thee for thy two daughters, and I will go to the house of my father.” 26. And Laban said to Jacob : ” fTarry with me for thy wagesj and pasture my flock for me again, and take thy wages. ‘ 27. And they agreed with one another that he should give him as his wages those of the lambs and kids which were born black and spotted and white,2 (these) were to be his wages. 28. And all the sheep brought forth spotted and speckled and black, variously marked,3 and they brought forth again lambs like themselves, and all that were spotted were Jacob’s and those which were not were Laban’s. 29. And Jacob’s possessions multiplied exceedingly, and he possessed oxen and sheep4 and asses and camels, and menservants and maidservants. 30. And Laban and his sons envied Jacob, and Laban took back his sheep from him, and he observed him with evil intent. Jacob’s Flight with his Family : his Covenant with Laban (xxix. 1-12; cf. Gen. xxxi.). XXIX. And it came to pass when Rachel had borne Joseph, that Laban went to shear his sheep ; for they were distant from him a three days’ journey. 2. And Jacob saw that Laban was going to shear his 1 Gen. xxx. 28 has ” appoint me thy wages.” 1 A wrong rendering of the Hebrew (Gen. xxx. 32), which means ” speckled ” (ndkod). Speckled and black, variously marked LXX woixfAa kcl owototihr) frwri. : MT does not represent . And she said unto him : ” My son, I have not seen in thee all my days any perverse but (only) upright deeds. And yet I shall tell thee the truth, my son : I shall die this year, and I shall not survive this year in my life; for I have seen in a dream the day of my death, that I should not live beyond a hundred and fifty-five years : and behold J have completed all the days of my life which I am to live.” 7. And Jacob laughed at the words of his mother, because his mother had said unto him that she should die ; and she was sitting opposite to him in possession of her strength, and she was not infirm in her strength ; for she went in and out and saw, and her teeth were strong, and no ailment had touched her all the days of her life. 8. And Jacob said unto her : ” Blessed am I, mother, if my days approach the days of thy life, and my strength remain with me thus as thy strength : and thou wilt not die, for thou art jesting idly with me regarding thy death.” 9. And she went in to Isaac and said unto him : ” One petition I make unto thee : make Esau swear that he will not injure Jacob, nor pursue him with enmity ; for thou knowest Esau’s thoughts that they are perverse from his youth, and there is no goodness in him ; for he desireth after thy death to kill him. 10. And thou knowest all that he hath done since the day Jacob his brother went to Haran until this day ; how he hath, forsaken us with his whole heart, and hath done evil to us; thy flocks he hath taken to himself, and carried off all thy 174 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, xxxv possessions from before thy face. II. And when we implored and besought him for what was our own, he did as a man who was taking pity on us. 12. And he is bitter against thee because thou didst bless Jacob thy perfect and upright son ; for there is no evil but only goodness in him, and since he came from Haran unto this day he hath not robbed us of aught, for he bringeth us everything in its season always, and rejoiceth with all his heart when we take at his hands, and he blesseth us, and hath not parted from us since he came from Haran until this day, and he remaineth with us continually at home honouring us.” 13. And Isaac said unto her : “I, too, know and see the deeds of Jacob who is with us, how that with all his heart he honoureth us ; but I loved Esau formerly more than Jacob, because he was the first-born ; but now I love Jacob more than Esau, for he hath done manifold evil deeds, and there is no righteousness in him, for all his ways are unrighteousness and violence, [and there is no righteousness around him].1 14. And now my heart is troubled because of all his deeds, and neither he nor his seed is to be saved, for they are those who will be destroyed from the earth, and who will be rooted out from under heaven, for he hath for- saken the God of Abraham and gone after his wives and after their uncleanness and after their error, he and his children. 15. And thou dost bid me make him swear that he will not slay Jacob, his brother ; even if he swear he will not abide by his oath, and he will not do good but evil only. 16. But if he desireth to slay Jacob, his brother, into Jacob’s hands will he be given, and he will not escape from his hands, [for he will descend into his hands.] 2 17. And fear thou not on account of Jacob ; for the guardian 3 of Jacob is great and powerful and honoured, and praised more than the guardian of Esau.” 18. And Rebecca sent 1 ? a dittograph. 1 ? bracketed words a gloss; cf. xxxvi. 9. ? the gifardian-angel ; cf. Matt, xviii. 10; Acts xii. 15; Heb. i. 14. chap, xxxv] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 175 and called Esau, and he came to her, and she said unto him : ” I have a petition, my son, to make unto thee, and do thou promise to do it, my son.” 19. And he said : ” I will do everything that thou sayest unto me, and I will not refuse thy petition.” 20. And she said unto him : ” I ask you that the day I die, thou wilt take me in and bury me near Sarah, thy father’s mother, and that thou and Jacob will love each other, and that neither will desire evil against the other, but mutual love only, and (so) ye will prosper, my sons, and be honoured in the midst of the land, and no enemy will rejoice over you, and ye will be a blessing and a mercy in the eyes of all those that love you.” 21. And he said : “I will do all that thou hast told me, and I shall bury thee on the day thou diest near Sarah, my father’s mother, as thou hast desired that her bones may be near thy bones. 22. And Jacob, my brother, also, I shall love above all flesh ; for I have not a brother in all the earth but him only : and this is no great merit for me if I love him ; for he is my brother, and we were sown together in thy body, and together came we forth from thy womb, and if I do not love my brother, whom shall 1 love? 23. And I, myself, beg thee to exhort Jacob concerning me and concerning my sons, for I know that he will assuredly be king over me and my sons, for on the clay my lather blessed him he made him the higher and me the lower. 24. And I swear unto thee that I shall love him, and not desire evil against him all the days of mv life but good only.” And he sware unto her regarding all this matter. 25. And she called Jacob before the eyes of Esau, and gave him commandment according to the words which she had spoken to Esau. 26. And he said : ” I shall do thy pleasure; believe me that no evil will proceed from me or from my sons against Esau, and 1 shall be first in naught save in love only.” 27. And they ate and drank, she and her sons that night, and she died, three jubilees and one week and one year old, on that night, and her two sons, Esau and 176 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, xxxv Jacob, buried her in the double cave 1 near Sarah, their father’s mother. Isaac’s Last Words and Admonitions : his Death. The Death of Leah (xxxvi. 1-24). 2162 a.m. XXXVI. And in the sixth year of this week Isaac called his two sons, Esau and Jacob, and they came to him, and he said unto them : ” My sons, I am going the way of my fathers, to the eternal house 2 where my fathers are. 2. Wherefore bury me near Abraham my father, in the double cave in the field of Ephron the Ilittite, where Abraham purchased a sepulchre to bury in ; in the sepulchre which I digged for myself, there bury me. 3. And this I command you, my sons, that ye practise righteousness and uprightness on the earth, so that the Lord may bring upon you all that the Lord said that he would do to Abraham and to his seed. 4. And love one another, my sons, your brothers3 as a man who loveth his own soul, and let each seek in what he may benefit his brother, and act together on the earth ; and let them love each other as their own souls. 5. And concerning the question of idols, I command and admonish you to reject them and hate them, and love them not; for they are full of deception for those that worship them and for those that bow down to them. 6. Remember ye, my sons, the Lord God of Abraham your father, and how I too worshipped Him and served Him in righteousness and in joy, that He might multiply you and increase your seed as the stars of heaven in multitude, and establish you on the earth as the plant of righteousness 4 which will not be rooted out unto all the generations for ever. 7. And now 1 shall make you swear a great oath for there is no oath which is greater than it by the name glorious and honoured 1 i. e. Machpelah. a Cf. Eccles. xii. 5 (” man goeth to his long home,” lit. ” to his eternal house “). 3 ” Your brothers ” probably a gloss. Cf. i. 16, xvi. 26, xxi. 24. chap, xxxvi] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 177 and great and splendid and wonderful and mighty, which created the heavens and the earth and all things together that ye will fear Him and worship Him. 8. And that each will love his brother with affection and righteousness, and that neither will desire evil against his brother from henceforth for ever all the days of your life, so that ye may prosper in all your deeds and not be destroyed. 9. And if either of you deviseth evil against his brother, know that from henceforth every one that deviseth evil against his brother will fall into his hand, and will be rooted out of the land of the living, and his seed will be destroyed from under heaven. 10. But on the day of turbulence and execration and indignation and anger, with flam- ing devouring fire as He burnt Sodom, so likewise will He burn his land and his city and all that is his, and he will be blotted out of the book of the discipline of the children of men, and not be recorded in the book of life,1 but in that which is appointed to destruc- tion, and he will depart into eternal execration ; so that their condemnation may be always renewed in hate and in execration and in wrath and in torment and in indignation and in plagues and in disease for ever. n. I say and testify to you, my sons, according to the judgment which will come upon the man who wisheth to injure his brother.” 12. And he divided all his possessions between the two on that flay, and he gave the larger portion to him that was the first-born, and the tower and all that was about it. and all that Abraham possessed at the Well of the Oath. 13. And he said, ” This larger portion I shall give to the first-born.” 14. And Esau said, ” I have sold to Jacob and given my birthright to Jacob; to him let it be given, and I have not a single word to say regarding it, for it is his.” 15. And Isaac said, ” May a blessing rest upon you, my sons, and upon your seed this day, for ye have given me rest, and my heart is not pained concerning the birth- right, lest thou shouldest work wickedness on account 1 Cf. xxx. 22. M 178 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, xxxvi of it. 16. May the Most High God l bless the man that worketh righteousness, him and his seed for ever.” 17. And he ended commanding them and blessing them, and they ate and drank together before him, and he rejoiced because there was one mind between them, and they went forth from him and rested that day and slept. 18. And Isaac slept on his bed that day rejoicing; and he slept the eternal sleep, and died one hundred and eighty years old. He completed twenty-five weeks and five years ; and his two sons Esau and Jacob buried him.2 19. And Esau went to the land of Edom, to the mountains of Seir, and dwelt there. 20. And Jacob dwelt in the mountains of Hebron, in the tower of the land of the sojournings of his father Abraham, and he worshipped the Lord with all his heart and according to the visible commands according as He had divided the days of his generations.3 21. And Leah his wife died 2167 a.m. in the fourth year of the second week of the forty- fifth jubilee, and he buried her in the double cave near Rebecca his mother, to the left of the grave of Sarah, his father’s mother. 22. And all her sons and his sons came to mourn over Leah his wife with him, and to comfort him regarding her, for he was lamenting her. 23. For he loved her exceedingly after Rachel her sister died ; for she was perfect and upright in all her ways and honoured Jacob, and all the days that she lived with him he did not hear from her mouth a harsh word, for she was gentle and peaceable and upright and honourable. 24. And he remembered all her deeds which she had done during her life, and he lamented her exceedingly; for he loved her with all his heart and with all his soul. 1 This divine title occurs frequently in our Book, and in Kcclus. (48 times), and Daniel (13 tunes). In the Pentateuch, outside Gen. xiv. (where it occurs lour times), it is only found twice. Its use was revived in Ap. Bar. (23 times), and in 4 Ezra. 2 Cf. Gen. xxxv. 29. 3 These commands had been made visible to Jacob on the seven tables which the angel had shown him in a vision; cf. xxxii. 21. chap, xxxvil] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 179 Esau and his Sons wage War with Jacob (xxxvii. 1-25). XXXVII.1 And on the day that Isaac the father 2162 a.m. of Jacob and Esau died, the sons of Esau heard that Isaac had given the portion of t he elder to his younger son Jacob and they were very angry. 2. And they strove with their father, saying : ” Why hath thy father given Jacob the portion of the elder and passed over thee, although thou art the elder and Jacob the younger? ‘ 3. And he said unto them ” Because I sold my birthright to Jacob for a small mess of lentils ; and on the day my father sent me to hunt and catch and bring him something that he should eat and bless me, he came with guile and brought my father food and drink, and my father blessed him and put me under his hand. 4. And now our father hath caused us to swear, me and him, that we shall not mutually devise evil, either against his brother, and that we 1 shall continue in love and in peace each with his brother and not make our ways corrupt.” 2 5. And they said unto him, ” We shall not hearken unto thee to make peace with him ; for our strength is greater than his strength, and we are more powerful than he ; we shall go against him and slay him, and destroy him and his sons. And if thou wilt not go with us, we shall do hurt to thee also. 6. And now hearken unto us : Let us send to Aram 3 and Philistia 4 and Moab 1 The legend of the wars between the sons of Jacob and Esau contained in chaps, xxxvii. -xxxviii. here seems to be ancient. It is also found in Test. Judah ix. and in the Jewish Midrashic literature. Our text contains the oldest form. 2 This representation gives a favourable view of Esau’s own attitude. Jn the later form of the legend (in the Yalkut) this is altered to Esau’s disadvantage. 3 The peoples mentioned here and in the contrxt nearly all played a prominent part in the campaigns of the Maccabees. “Aram,” i.e. Syria, was, of course, the suz.erain power in their day, who sought to oppress the Jews, and whose yoke was ultimately entirely thrown off. Cf. xxiv. 28 (note). i8o THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap. XxXvi! and Amrnon,1 and let us choose for ourselves chosen men who are ardent for battle, and let us go against him and do battle with him, and let us exterminate him from the earth before he growetli strong.” 7. And their father said unto them, ” Do not go and do not make war with him lest ye fall before him.” 8. And they said unto him, ” This too, is exactly thy mode of action from thy youth until this day, and thou art putting thy neck under his yoke. We shall not hearken to these words.” 9. And they sent to Aram, and to ‘Aduram 2 to the friend of their father, and they hired along with them one thousand fighting men, chosen men of war. 10. And there came to them from Moab and from the children of Amnion, those who were hired, one thousand chosen men, and from Philistia, one thousand chosen men of war, and from Edom 3 and from the Horites one thousand chosen fighting men, and from the Kittim 4 mighty men of war. n. And they said unto their father : ” Go forth with them and lead them, else we shall slay thee.” 12. And he was filled with wrath and indignation on seeing that his sons were forcing him to go before (them) to lead them against Jacob his brother. 13. But afterward he remembered all the evil which lay hidden in his heart against Jacob his brother ; and lie remembered not the oath which he had sworn to his father and to his mother that he would devise no evil all his days against Jacob his brother. 14. And notwithstanding all this, Jacob knew not that they were coming against him to battle, and he was mourn- ing for Leah, his wife, until they approached very near to the tower with four thousand warriors and chosen men of war. 15. And the men of Hebron sent to him saying, ” Behold thy brother hath come against thee, to fight thee, with four thousand girt with the sword, and they carry shields and weapons ” ; for they loved Jacob more than Esau. So they told him ; for Jacob was a more liberal and merciful man 1 Cf. 1 Mace. v. 6-8. An Aramaean; ef. xxxviii. 3. Cf. 1 Mace. v. 3, 65 (also iv. 29. 61). 4 Cf. xxiv. 28. chap xxxvn] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 181 than Esau. 16. But Jacob would not believe until they came very near to the tower. 17. And he closed the gates of the tower ; and he stood on the battle- ments and spake to his brother Esau and said, ” Noble is the comfort wherewith thou hast come to comfort me for my wife who hath died. Is this the oath that thou didst swear to thy father and again to thy mother before they died? Thou hast broken the oath, and on the moment that thou didst swear to thy father wast thou condemned.” 18. And then Esau answered and said unto him, ” Neither the children of men nor the beasts of the earth have any oath of righteousness which in swearing they have sworn (an oath valid) for ever ; but every day they devise evil one against another, and how each may slay his adversary and foe. ig. And thou dost hate me and my children for ever. And there is no observ- ing the tie of brotherhood with thee. 20. Hear these words which I declare unto thee, If the boar can change its skin and make its bristles as soft as wool, Or if it can cause horns to sprout forth on its head like the horns of a stag or of a sheep, Then shall I observe the tie of brotherhood with thee.1 [And if the breasts separated themselves from their mother; for thou hast not been a brother to me.] 2 21. And if the wolves make peace with the lambs so as not to devour or do them violence, And if their hearts are towards them for good, Then there will le peace in my heart towards thee. 22. And if the lion becometh the friend of the ox and maketh peace with him, 1 For the construction of such sayings cf. the rebuke ad- ministered to Akiba (when the latter recognized Bar-Kokba as the Messiah) by Jochanan ben Torta : ” Sooner shall grass grow from thv beard, Akiba, than that Messiah should appear.” The ” boar ” may symbolize Esau. 2 Charles thinks the bracketed words may be out of place or corrupt. 182 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, xxxvii And if he is bound under one yoke with him and plougheth with him, Then shall I make peace with thee. 23. And when the raven becometh white as the raza,1 Then know that I have loved thee And shall make peace with thee. Thou shalt be rooted out, And thy sons shall be rooted out, And there shall be no peace for thee.” 24. And when Jacob saw that he was (so) evilly dis- posed towards him with his heart, and with all his soul as to slay him, and that he had come springing like the wild boar which cometh upon the spear that pierceth and killeth it, and recoileth not from it ; 25. Then he spake to his own and to his servants that they should attack him and all his companions. The War between Jacob and Esau at the Tower of Hebron. The Death of Esau and Over- throw of his Forces (xxxviii. 1-14). XXXVIII. And after that Judah spake to Jacob, his father, and said unto him : ” Bend thy bow, father, and send forth thy arrows and cast down the adversary and slay the enemy ; and mayest thou have the power, for we shall not slay thy brother, for he is such as thou, and he is like thee : let us give him (this) honour.” 2. Then Jacob bent his bow and sent forth the arrow and struck Esau, his brother, (on his right breast) and slew him.2 3. And again he sent forth an arrow and struck ‘Adoran the Aramaean,3 on the left breast, and drove him backward and slew him. 4. And then went forth the sons of Jacob, they and their servants, dividing themselves into companies on the four sides of the tower. 5. And 1 ” A large white bird which eats grasshoppers ” (Isenberg, quoted by Charles). 1 According to later Jewish tradition Esau was killed by Chushim, son of Dan, at the cave of Machpelah when Jacob’s corpse had arrived there for burial; cf. Ptrhe de 11. Eliezer xxxix. (towards end). 3 Cf. xxxvii. 9. chap, xxxvin] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 183 Judah went forth in front, and Naphtali and Gad” with him and fifty servants with him on the south side of the tower, and they slew all they found before them, and not one individual of them escaped. 6. And Levi and Dan and Asher went forth on the east side of the tower, and fifty (men) with them, and they slew the fighting men of Moab and Ammon. 7. And Reuben and Issachar and Zebulon went forth on the north side of the tower, and fifty men with them, and they slew the fighting men of the Philistines. 8. And Simeon and Benjamin and Enoch, Reuben’s son, went forth on the west side of the tower, and fifty (men) with them, and they slew of Edom and of the Horites four hundred men, stout warriors; and six hundred fled, and four of the sons of Esau fled with them, and left their father lying slain, as he had fallen on the hill which is in ‘Aduram.1 9. And the sons of Jacob pursued after them to the mountains of Seir. And Jacob buried his brother on the hill which is in ‘Aduram, and he returned to his house. 10. And the sons of Jacob pressed hard upon the sons of Esau in the mountains of Seir, and bowed their necks so that they became servants of the sons of Jacob. 11. And they sent to their father (to inquire) whether they should make peace with them or slay them. 12. And Jacob sent word to his sons that they should make peace, and they made peace with them, and placed the yoke of servitude upon them, so that they paid tribute fo Jacob and to his sons always. 13. And they continued to pay tribute to Jacob until the day that he went clown into Egypt.2 14. And the sons of Edom have not got quit of the yoke of servi- tude which the twelve sons of Jacob had imposed on them until this day.3 1 A city in ldumaca (Edom) identical with the ” Adora mentioned in i M.icc. xiii. 20. It was captured by John Hyrcanus and forced to accept circumcision. In Test. Judah ix. 3 the name appears as Aiioviram. 2 For 1 1 -1 3 cf. Test. Judah ix. 7-8. 8 1. e. the author’s day. Edom was finally made tributary to Israel by John Hyrcanus. 1 84 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES’ [chap, xxxviii The Kings of Edom (xxxviii. 15-24; cf. Gen. xxxvi. 31-39). 15. And these are the kings that reigned in Edom before there reigned any king over the children of Israel [until this day] in the land of Edom. 16. And Balaq,1 the son of Beor, reigned in Edom, and the name of his city was Danaba.2 17. And Balaq died, and Jobab, the son of Zara. of B6ser,3 reigned in his stead. 18. And Jobab died, and ‘Asam,4 of the land of Teman, reigned in his stead. 19. And ‘Asam died, and ‘Adath,5 the son of Barad,8 who slew Midian in the field of Moab, reigned in his stead, and the name of his city was Avith. 20. And ‘Adath died, and Salman,7 from ‘Amaseqa,8 reigned in his stead. 21. And Salman died, and Saul of Ra’ab6th (by the) river, reigned in his stead. 22. And Saul died, and Ba’elunan,10 the son of Achbor, reigned in his stead. 23. And Ba’elunan, the son of Achbor, died, and ‘Adath n reigned in his stead, and the name of his wife was Maitabith,12 the daughter of Matarat,13 the daughter of Metablza’ab.14 24. These are the kings who reigned in the land of Edom. Joseph ‘8 Service with Potiphar ; his Purity and . Imprisonment (xxxix. 1-13 ; cf. Gen. xxxix.). XXXIX. And Jacob dwelt in the land of his father’s sojournings in the land of Canaan. 2. These are the generations of Jacob. And Joseph was seven- teen years old 16 when they took him down into the land of Egypt, and Potiphar, an eunuch of Pharaoh, I LXX (Gen. xxxvi. 22) BaAa Heb. Beta. MT Dinhabah. MT Bozrah. LXX ‘Aff6ii, MT Husham. MT Hadad. LXX Bafa9, MT Bedad. 7 LXX 2aAa, MT Samlah. MT Masrekah. LXX ‘PowfiAd, MT Rehoboth. 10 LXX BaXatwdv, MT Baal-hanan. ll MT Hadar. II MT Mehetabel. ” MT Matted (LXX Marpade). 14 MT Me-zahab. 16 Cf. Gen. xxxvii. 2. chap, xxxix] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 185 the chief cook x bought him. 3. And he set Joseph over all his house, and the blessing of the Lord came upon the house of the Egyptian on account of Joseph, and the Lord prospered him in all that lie did. 4. And the Egyptian committed everything into the hands of Joseph ; for he saw that the Lord was with him, and that the Lord prospered him in all that he did. 5. And Joseph’s appearance was comely and verv beautiful was his appearance, and his master’s wife lifted up her eves and saw Joseph, and she loved him, and besought him to he with her. 6. But he did not surrender his soul, and he remembered the Lord and the words which Jacob, his father, used to read from amongst t lie words of Abraham,2 that no man should commit fornication with a woman who hath a husband ; that for him t lie punishment of death hath been ordained in the heavens before the Most High God, and the sin will be recorded against him in the eternal books continually before the Lord. 7. And Joseph remembered these words and refused to lie with her. 8. And she besought him for a year, but he refused and would not listen. 9. But she embraced him and held him fast in the house in order to force him to he with her, and closed the doors of the house and held him fast ; but he left his garment in her hands and broke through the door and fled without from her presence, to. And the woman saw that he would not lie with her, and she calumniated him in the presence of his lord, saying : ” Thy Hebrew servant, whom thou lovest, sought to force me so that he might lie with me ; and it came to pass when I lifted up my voice that he fled and left his garment in my hands when I held him, and he brake through the door.” n. And the Egyptian saw the garment of Joseph and the broken door, and heard the words of his wife, and cast Joseph into prison into the place where the prisoners were kept whom the king im- prisoned. 12. And he was there in the prison; and the Lord gave Joseph favour in the sight of the chief 1 Cf. xxxiv. 11 (note). 2 Cf. xx. 4, xxv. 7. 186 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, xxxix of the prison guards and compassion before him, for he saw that the Lord was with him, and that the Lord made all that he did to prosper. 13. And he com- mitted all things into his hands, and the chief of the prison guards knew of nothing that was with him,1 for Joseph did everything, and the Lord perfected it. Joseph interprets the Dreams of the Chief Butler and the Chief Baker (xxxix. 14-18 ; cf. Gen. xl.). 14. And he remained there two years.2 And in those days Pharaoh, king of Egypt, was wroth against his two eunuchs, against the chief butler and against the chief baker, and he put them in ward in the house of the chief cook,3 in the prison where Joseph was kept. 15. And the chief of the prison guards ap- pointed Joseph to serve them ;- and he served before them. 16. And they both dreamed a dream, the chief butler and the chief baker, and they told it to Joseph. 17. And as he interpreted to them so it befell them, and Pharaoh restored the chief butler to his office, and the (chief) baker he slew, as Joseph had inter- preted to them. 18. But the chief butler forgot Joseph in the prison, although he had informed him what would befall him, and did not remember to inform Pharaoh how Joseph had told him for he forgot. Pharaoh’s Dreams and their Interpretation. Joseph’s Elevation and Marriage (xl; 1-13 ; cf. Gen. xli.). XL. And in .those days Pharaoh dreamed two dreams in one night concerning a famine which was to be in all the land, and he awoke from his sleep and called all the interpreters of dreams that were in Egypt, and magicians, and told them his two dreams, 1 Cf. Gen. xxxix. 8. 2 Cf. Gen. xli. 1. 3 Cf- xxxiv. 11 (note). chap, xl] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 187 and they were not able to declare (them). 2. And then the chief butler remembered Joseph and spake of him to the king, and he brought him forth from the prison, and he told his two dreams before him. 3. And he said before Pharaoh that his two dreams were one, and he said unto him : ” Seven years will come (in which there will be) plenty over all the land of Egypt, and after that seven years of famine, such a famine as hath not been in all the land. 4. And now let Pharaoh appoint overseers l in all the land of Egypt, and let them store up food in every city throughout the days of the years of plenty, and there will be food for the seven years of famine, and the land will not perish through the famine, for it will be very severe.” 5. And the Lord gave Joseph favour and mercy in the eyes of Pharaoh, and Pharaoh said unto his servants : ” We shall not find such a wise and discreet man as this man, for the spirit of the Lord is with him.” 6. And he appointed him the second in all his kingdom and gave him authority over all Egypt, and caused him to ride in the second chariot of Pharaoh. 7. And he clothed him with byssus garments, and lie put a gold chain upon his neck, and (a herald) proclaimed before him ” ‘El ‘El wa’ Abirer,”2 and he placed a ringon his hand and made him ruler over all his house, and magnified him, and said unto him : ” Only on the throne shall I be greater than thou.” 8. And Joseph ruled over all the land of Egypt, and all the princes of Pharaoh, and all his servants, and all who did the king’s business loved him, for he walked in uprightness, for he was with- out pride and arrogance, and he had no respect of persons, and did not accept gifts, but he judged in uprightness all the people of the land 9. And the 1 Cf. Gen. xli. 34. 2 ‘El ‘El wa ‘Abirer Hcb. ‘el ‘el wa’dbir ‘el, ” God, God, the mighty one of God.” This is a peculiar amplification of the Hebrew ‘abrc.k (11. V. ” bow the knee “) of Gen. xli. 43. ” Mighty one of God ” may be a technical term for a gTeat magician; cf. Acts viii. 10. 1 88 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, xl land of Egypt was at peace before Pharaoh because of Joseph, for the Lord was with him, and gave him favour and mercy for all his generations before all those who knew him and those who heard concerning him, and Pharaoh’s kingdom was well ordered, and there was no Satan 1 and no evil person (therein). 10. And the king called Joseph’s name Sephanti- phans,2 and gave Joseph to wife the daughter of Potiphar, the daughter of the priest of Heliopolis, the chief cook.3 n. And on the day that Joseph stood before Pharaoh he was thirty years old [when he stood before Pharaoh]. 12. And in that year Isaac died. And it came to pass as Joseph had said in the interpretation of his two dreams, according as he had said it, there were seven years of plenty over all the land of lgypt, and the land of Egypt produced abundantly, one measure (producing) eighteen hun- dred measures. 13. And Joseph gathered food into every city until they were full of corn until they could no longer count and measure it for its multitude. Judah’s Incest with Tamar ; his Repentance and Forgiveness (xli, 1-28; Cf. Gen. xxxviii.). 2165 a.m. XLI. And in the forty-fifth jubilee, in the second week, (and) in the second year, Judah took for his first-born Er, a wife from the daughters of Aram,4 named Tamar. 2. But he hated, and did not lie with her, because his mother was of the daughters of Canaan, and he wished to take him a wife of the kinsfolk of his mother, but Judah, his father, would not permit him. 3. And this Er, the first-born of 1 A sign of great felicity; cf. xxiii. 29. 2 t. e. Zaphenath-paneah (Gen. xli. 45). 8 The author identifies Potiphar of Gen. xxxvii. 36 with Potiphera of Gen. xli. 45. In later Jewish legend Asenath (Joseph’s wife) is represented as a Jewess, a daughter of Dinah, who was brought up in the family of Potiphera (cf. Pirke de R. Eliezer xxxviii). The difficulty of Joseph’s heathen marriage is thus removed. 4 Cf. Test. Judah x. (” from Mesopotamia “). Chap, xn] THE BOOK OF JUBiLhhb 189 Judah, was wicked, and the Lord slew him. 4. And Judah said unto Onan, his brother : ” Go in unto thy brother’s wife and perform the duty of a husband’s brother unto her,1 and raise up seed unto thy brother.” 5. And Onan knew that the seed would not be his, (but) his brother’s only, and he went into the house of his brother’s wife, and spilt the seed on the ground. and he was wicked in the eyes of the Lord, and He slew him. 6. And Judah said unto Tamar, his daughter-in-law : ” Remain in thy father’s house as a widow till Shelah my son be grown up, and I shall give thee to him to wife.” 7. And he grew up; but Bedsu’el,2 the wife of Judah, did not permit her son Shelah to marry. And Bedsu’el, the wife of Judah, died in the fifth tvnr of this week. 8. And 2l68 A M- in the sixth year Judah went up to shear his sheep at 2l,,r a.m. Timnah. And they told Tamar: “Behold thy father-in-law goeth up to Timnah to shear his sheep.” 9. And she put off her widow’s clothes, and put on a veil, and adorned herself, and sat in the gate adjoining the way to Timnah. 10. And as Judah was going along he found her, and thought her to be an harlot, and he said unto her : ” Let me come in unto thee ” ; and she said unto him : ” Come in,” and he went in. 11. And she said unto him : ” dive me my hire ” ; and he said unto her : ” I have nothing in my hand save my ring that is on my finger, and my necklace, and my staff which is in my hand.” 12. And she said unto him : ” Give them to me until thou dost send me my hire ” ; and he said unto her : ” I will send unto thee a kid of the goats ” ; and he gave them to her, (and he went in unto her,) and she conceived by him. 13. And Judah went unto his sheep, and she went to her father’s house. 14. And Judah sent a kid of the goats by the hand of his shepherd, an Adullamite, and lie found her not ; and he asked the people of the place, saying : ” Where is the harlot who was here? ‘ And they said unto him : ” There 1 Cf. Gen. xxxviii. 8; Dcut. xxv. 5. 2 i.e. Bathshua; cf. xxxiv. 20. igo THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, xn is no harlot here with us.” 15. And lie returned and informed him; and said unto him that lie had not found her ; ” I asked the people of the place, and they said unto me : ‘ There is no harlot here.’ ” And he said : ” Let her keep (them) lest we become a cause of derision.” 16. And when she had completed three months, it was manifest that she was with child, and they told Judah, saying : ” Behold Tamar, thy daughter-in-law, is with child by whoredom.” 17. And Judah went to the house of her father, and said unto her father and her brothers : ” Bring her forth, and let them burn her,1 for she hath wrought unclean- ness in Israel.” 18. And it came to pass when they brought her forth to burn her that she sent to her father-in-law the ring and the necklace, and the staff, saying : ” Discern whose are these, for by him am I with child.” io,. And Judah acknowledged, and said : ” Tamar is more righteous than I am. And therefore let them burn her not.” 20. And for that reason she was not given to Shelah, and he did not again approach her. 21. And after that she bare 21 70 a.m. two sons, Perez and Zerah, in the seventh year of this second week. 22. And thereupon the seven years of fruitfulness were accomplished, of which Joseph spake to Pharaoh.2 23. And Judah acknow- ledged that the deed which he had done was evil, for he had lain with his daughter-in-law, and he esteemed it hateful in his eyes, and he acknowledged that he had transgressed and gone astray; for he had un- covered the skirt of his son, and he began to lament and to supplicate before the Lord because of his transgression. 24. And we told him in a dream that it was forgiven him because he supplicated earnestly, and lamented, and did not again commit it. 25. And he received forgiveness because he turned from his 1 The punishment appointed for such an offence on the part of a priest’s daughter (Lev. xxi. 9); cf. xxx. 7 above. According to the Targum (Ps.-Jon.), on Gen. xxxviii. 6, 24, Tamar was the daughter of a priest. ‘ Ci. Gen. xli. 53. chap, xli] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 191 sin and from his ignorance, for he transgressed greatly before our God; and every one that acteth thus, every one who lie t li with his mother-in-law, let them burn him with fire that he may burn therein,1 for there is uncleanness and pollution upon them ; with fire let them burn them. 26. And do thou command the children of Israel that there be no uncleanness amongst them, for every one who lieth with his daughter-in-law 2 or with his mother-in-law hath wrought uncleanness ; with fire let them burn the man who hath lain with her, and likewise the woman, and He will turn away wrath and punishment from Israel. 27. And unto Judah we said that his two sons had not lain with her, and for this reason his seed was established for a second generation, and would not be rooted out. 28. For in singleness of eye he had gone and sought for punishment, namely, according to the judgment of Abraham,3 which he had commanded his sons, Judah had sought to burn her with fire. The Two Journeys of the Sons of Jacob to Egypt (xlii. 1-25; cf. Gen. xlii., xliii.). XLII. And in the fust year of the third week of 2171 a m. the forty-fifth jubilee the famine began to come into the land, and the lain refused to be given to the earth, for none whatever fell. 2. And the earth grew barren, but in t lie land of Egypt there was food, for Joseph had gathered the seed of the land in the seven years of plenty and had preserved it.4 3. And the Egyptians came to Joseph that he might give them food, and he opened the storehouses where was the grain of the first year, and he sold it to the people of the land for gold.5 4. (Now the famine was very sore in the land of Canaan), and Jacob heard that there 1 Cf. Lev. xx. 14. 2 Cf. Lev. xviii. 15, xx 12 (mode of death not specified; but Gen. xxxviii. 24 presupposes burning by fire). 3 Cf. xx. 4 (note). 4 Cf. Gen. xli. 54. B Cf. Gen. xli. 56. 192 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, xlii was food in Egypt, and lie sent his ten sons that they should procure food for him in Egypt ; but Benjamin he did not send, and (the ten sons of Jacob) arrived (in Egypt) among those that went (there.) 5. And Joseph recognized them, but they did not recognize him, and he spake unto them and questioned them, and he said unto them : ” Are ye not spies, and have ye not come to explore the approaches of the land ? ‘ And he put them in ward. 6. And after that he set them free again, and detained Simeon alone and sent off his nine brothers. 7. And he filled their sacks with corn, and he put their gold in their sacks, and they did not know. 8. And he commanded them to bring their younger brother, for they had told him their father was living and their younger brother. 9. And they went up from the land of Egypt and they came to the land of Canaan ; and they told their father all that had befallen them, and how the lord of the country had spoken roughly to them, and had seized Simeon till they should bring Benjamin. 10. And Jacob said : ” Me have ye bereaved of my children ! Joseph is not and Simeon also is not, and ye will take Benjamin away. On me hath your wickedness come.” x 11. And he said : ” My son will not go down with you lest perchance he fall sick ; for their mother gave birth to two sons, and one hath perished, and this one also ye will take from me. If perchance he took a fever on the road,2 ye would iDring down my old age with sorrow unto death.” 12. For he saw that their money had been returned to every, man in his sack, and for this reason he feared to send him. 13. And the famine increased and be- came sore in the land of Canaan, and in all lands save in the land of Egypt, for many of the children of the Egyptians had stored up their seed for food from the time when they saw Joseph gathering seed together 1 ? An interpretation of Gen. xlii. 36 (” All these things are against me “). ” If mischief befall him by the way in the which ye go ” (Gen. xlii. 38). chap, xlii] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 193 and putting it in storehouses and preserving it for the years of famine. 14. And the people of Egypt fed themselves thereon during the first year of their famine. 15. But when Israel saw that the famine was very sore in the land, and there was no deliverance, he said unto his sons : ” Go again, and procure food for us that we die not.” 16. And they said : ” We shall not go ; unless our youngest brother go with us, we shall not go.” 17. And Israel saw that if he did not send him with them, they should all perish by reason of the famine. 18. And Reuben said : ” Give him into my hand, and if I do not bring him back to thee, slay my two sons instead of his soul.” And he said unto him : ” Me will not go with thee.” 19. And Judah came near and said : ” Send him with me, and if I do not bring him back to thee, let me bear the blame before thee all the days of my life.” 20. And he sent him with them in the second year of this 2172 a.m. week on the first day of the month, and they came to the land of Egypt with all those who went, and (they had) presents in their hands, stacte and almonds and terebinth nuts and pure honey. 21. And they went and stood before Joseph, and he saw Benjamin ltis brother, and he knew him, and said unto them : ” Is this your youngest brother? ” And they said unto him : ” It is he.” And he said : ” The Lord be gracious to thee, my son ! ” 22. And he sent him into his house and he brought forth Simeon unto them and he made a feast for them, and they presented to him the gift which they had brought in their hands. 23. And they ate before him and he gave them all a portion, but the portion of Benjamin was seven times larger than that of any of theirs. 24. And they ate and drank and arose and remained with their asses. 25. And Joseph devised a plan whereby he might learn their thoughts as to whether thoughts of peace prevailed amongst them, and he said to the steward who was over his house : ” Fill all their sacks with food, and return their money unto them into their vessels, and my cup, the silver cup out of which I N 194 ?HE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, xlii drink, put it in the sack of the youngest, and send them away.” 1 Joseph finally tests his Brethren, and then makes himself known to them (xliii. 1-24; cf. Gen. xliv., xlv.). XLIII. And he did as Joseph had told him, and filled all their sacks for them with food and put their money in their sacks, and put the cup in Benjamin’s sack. 2. And early in the morning they departed, and it came to pass that, when they had gone from thence, Joseph said unto the steward of his house : ” Pursue them, run and seize them, saying, ‘ For good ye have requited me with evil ; you have stolen from me the silver cup out of which my lord drinks.’ And bring back to me their youngest brother, and fetch (him) quickly before I go forth to my seat of judgment.” 3. And he ran after them and said unto them according to these words. 4. And they said unto him : ” God forbid that thy servants should do this thing, and steal from the house of thy lord any utensil, and the money also which we found in our sacks the first time, we thy servants brought back from the land of Canaan. 5. How then should we steal any utensil ? Behold here are we and our sacks; search, and wherever thou findest the cup in the sack of any man amongst us, let him be slain, and we and our asses will serve thy lord.” 6. And he said unto them : 4j) : Heb. (Exod. xii. 11),.” in haste.” 7 Cf. Exod. xii. 9. ” Cf. Exod. xii. 46. The Latin, which is to be preferred, reads : ” There shall be no tribulation among the sons of Israel on this day.” O 2io THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap. XLIX there may be no passing over from clay to day, and month to month, but on the day of its festival let it be observed. 15. And do thou command the children of Israel to observe the passover throughout their days, every year, once a year on the day of its fixed time, . and it will come for a memorial well pleasing before the Lord, and no plague will come upon them to’ slay or to smite l in that year in which they celebrate the passover in its season in every respect according to His command. 16. And they shall not eat it outside the sanctuary 2 of the Lord, but before the sanctuary of the Lord, and all the people of the congregation of Israel shall celebrate it in its appointed season. 17. And every man who hath come upon its day shall eat it in the sanctuary of your God before the Lord from twenty years old 3 and upward ; for thus is it written and ordained that they should eat it in the sanctuary of the Lord. 18. And when the children of Israel come into the land which they are to possess, into the land of Canaan, and set up the tabernacle of the Lord in the midst of the land in one of their tribes until the sanctuary of the Lord hath been built in the land, let them come and celebrate the passover in the midst of the tabernacle of the Lord, and let them slay it before the Lord from year to year. 19. And in the days when the house hath been built in the name of the Lord in the land of their inheritance, they shall go there and slay the passover in the evening, at sunset, at the third part of the day. 20. And they will offer its blood on the threshold of the altar, and shall place its fat on the fire which is upon the altar, and they shall eat its flesh roasted with fire in the court of the house 4 which hath been sanctified in 1 Cf. Exod. xii. 13. a Cf. 20 below. 3 i.e. the age when maturity is first attained; cf. Exod. xxx. 14 ; Num. i. 32. 4 Cf. Deut. xvi. 7. In later times the Passover lamb was slaughtered, in the Temple, but eaten at home, i. e. in a house in Jerusalem. The vast numbers of pilgrims present necessitated this extension (cf. Joseph us, War, vi. 9, 3, ii. 14,3). chap, xlix] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 211 the name of the Lord. 21. And they may not celebrate the passover in their cities,1 nor in any place save before the tabernacle of the Lord, or before His house where His name hath dwelt ; and they will not go astray from the Lord. 22. And do thou, Moses, command the children of Israel to observe the ordinances of the passover, as it was commanded unto thee ; declare thou unto them every year and the day of its days, andj 2 the festival of unleavened bread, that they should eat unleavened bread seven days, (and) that they should observe its festival, and that they bring an oblation every day during those seven days of joy before the Lord on the altar of your God. 23. For ye celebrated this festival with haste 3 when ye went forth from Egypt till ye entered into the wilderness of Shur ; 4 for on the shore of the sea ye completed it. Laws regarding the Jubilees and the Sabbath 1 (1- I-I3). L. And after this law I made known to thee the days of the Sabbaths in the desert of Sinfai], which is between Elim and Sinai.5 2. And I told thee of the Sabbaths of the land on Mount Sinai, and 1 told thee of the jubilee years 6 in the sabbaths of years : but the year thereof have I not told thee till ye enter the land winch ye are to possess. 3. And the land also will keep its sabbaths while they dwell upon it,7 and they will know the jubilee year. 4. Wherefore I have ordained for thee the year-weeks8 and the years and the jubilees : there are forty-nine jubilees .from the days of Adam until this day, and one week 2410 a.m. and two years : and there are yet forty yoars to come (lit. “distant”) for learning the commandments of 2450 a.m. 1 Cf. Dent. xvi. 5. 2 Read with the Latin ” during its days and during.” 3 Cf. Exod. xii. 11. Cf. Exod. xv. 22. 5 Cf. Exod. xvi. 1 (” the wilderness of Sin . . . between Elim and Sinai “). e Cf. Lev. xxv. 8. 7 Cf. Lev. xxvi. 34. 8 A ” year-week ” seven years. 212 THE BOOK OF JUBILEES [chap, l the Lord, until they pass over into the land of Canaan, crossing the Jordan to the west. 5. And the jubilees will pass by, until Israel is cleansed from all guilt of fornication, and uncleanness, and pollution, and sin, and error, and dwelleth with confidence in all the land, and there will be no more a Satan or any evil one, and the land will be clean from that time for evermore.1 6. And behold the commandment regarding the Sabbaths I have written (them) down for thee and all the judgments of its laws. 7. Six days wilt thou labour, but on the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord your God.2 In it ye shall do no manner of work, ye and your sons, and your men-servants and your maid-servants, and all your cattle and the sojourner also who is with you. 8. And the man that doeth any work on it shall die 3 whoever desecrateth that day, whoever lieth with (his) wife,4 or whoever saith he will do something on it, that he will set out on a journey thereon 5 in regard to any buying or selling : 6 and whoever draweth water thereon 7 which he had not prepared for himself on the sixth day, and whoever taketh up any burden to carry it out of his tent 8 or out of his house shall die. 9. Ye shall do no work whatever on the Sabbath day save that ye have prepared for yourselves on the sixth day, so as to eat, and drink, and rest, and keep Sabbath from all work on that day, and to bless the Lord your God, who has given you a day of festival, and a holy day : and a day of the holy kingdom for all Israel is this day among their days for ever. 10. For great is the 1 The Messianic Age is referred to; cf. 1. 29, xxiii. 26 ff. Cf. Exod. xx. 9-10. 3 Cf. Exod. xxxv. 2. 4 This ascetic practice is still followed by the Samaritans, but not by the Jews. The exact opposite is enjoined in the Mishna; see Charles ad loo. Cf. Exod. xvi. 29. It was allowed to go a distance of 2000 cubits by Rabbinical law; cf. the “Sabbath day’s journey ” of Acts i. 12. Prohibited by Nehemiah (cf. Neh. x. 31, xiii. 16, 17). 7 This is prohibited by the Karaite Jews. 8 Cf. ii. 29. chap, l] THE BOOK OF JUBILEES 213 honour which the Lord hath given to Israel that they should eat and drink and be satisfied on this festival clay, and rest thereon from all labour which belongeth to the labour of the children of men, save burning frankincense and bringing oblations and sacrifices before the Lord for days and for Sabbaths. II. This work alone shall be done on the Sabbath-days 2 in the sanctuary of the Lord your God ; that they may atone for Israel with sacrifice continually from day to day for a memorial well-pleasing before the Lord, and that He may receive them always from day to day according as thou hast been commanded. 12. And every man who doeth any work thereon, or goeth a journey, or tilleth (his) farm,3 whether in his house or any other place,4 and whoever lighteth a fire,6 or rideth on any beast,6 or travelleth by ship on the sea, and whoever striketh or killeth anything, or slaughter- ed 7 a beast or a bird, or whoever catcheth an animal or a bird or a fish, or whoever fastcth or maketh war on the Sabbaths : 8 13. The man who doetli any of these things on the Sabbath shall die, so that the children of Israel shall observe the Sabbaths accord- ing to the commandments regarding the Sabbaths of the land, as it is written in the tables, which He gave into my hands that I should write out for thee t lie laws of the seasons, and the seasons according to the division of their days. Herewith is completed the account of the division of the days. 1 Cf. ii. 21. Cf. Matt. xii. 5 (Num. xxviii. 9, 10). 3 Forbidden; cf. Fxod. xxxiv. 21 (Mishna, Shabb. vii. 2). 4 Perhaps this clause should follow ” any work thereon ” (Charles). 6 Forbidden; Exod. xxxv. 3; cf. Num. xv. 32 f. 9 Forbidden by the Jewish oral law. 7 ” Slaughtering ” on the Sabbath is forbidden in the Mishna (Shahb. vii. 2). 8 This rule was at first rigidly observed in the Maccabcan wars (cf. 1 Mace. ii. 3138), but afterwards relaxed (cf. 1 Mace. ii. 41). INDEX Names and Subjects. Abel, iv. i Abimelcch, xxiv. 13, 17, 26 Abraham, see Abram. ‘Abram, father-in-law of Terah, xi. 14 Abram, birth of, xi. 15 invents an improved plough, xi. 23 f. observes the sky, xii. 16- called Abraham, xv. 7 his ten trials, xvii. 17 note blesses Jacob, xxii. 10 fi.; 28 f. ; cf. xix. 17 ft. death of, xxiii. 1 ; see fur- . thcr ” Beloved ” and ” Friend of God ” Abraham’s tower (at Hebron) xxix. 16; xxxi. 5 f. ; xxxiii. 21 ; xxxvi. 12 ; xxxvii. 14 Abraham’s bosom, xxii. 25; xxiii. 2 Abrek (Gen. xli. 43), p. 187 note Abysses, the, ii. 2, 16; v. 29 Adam, creation of, ii. 14 brought into Hdcn 40 days after his creation, iii. 0 names the animals, iii. 1-3 death of, iv. 20 Adam Admah, xiii. 23 ‘Adatan6ses, vii. 15, 17 ‘Adoran, xxxviii. 3 ‘Adfiram, friend of Ksau, xxxvii. 9 ‘Adurfim (place-name), xxxviii. 8, 9 ‘Afexag, viii. 27 ‘Afra, viii. 15 Ahuzzath, xxiv. 26 Ai, xiii. 5 Akrabbim, xxix. 14 All (God of), phrase, xxii. 10, 27; xxx. 19; cf. xxxi. 13, 29, 32 ‘Amana, viii. 21 ; ix. 4 Ammonites, Xxix. 10; xxxvii. 6, 10 ; xxxviii. 6 Amorites, xiv. 18; cf. xxix. 0-1 1 war of, against Jacob and his sons, xxxiv. i-q Amram, father of Moses, xlvi. 10 Amraphel, xiii. 22 Aner, xiii. 29 Angelology of Jubilees, xxiii. f. Angels, created on the first day, ii. 2 and notes. of the presence, i. 27, 20 ; ii. 1, 2, 18 ; xv. 27 ; xxxi. M of sanctification, ii. 2, 18; xv. 27; xxxi. 14 over natural phenomena, ii. 2 note two chief orders created circumcised, xv. 27 descend in days of Jared to instruct mankind, iv. 15 marry daughters of men, v. 1 ; vii. 21 their punishment, and their children, v. 6-1 1 ; vii 25 guardian, xxxv. 17 215 2l6 INDEX Apocalypse of Abraham (Sla- vonic), referred to, pp. 86, 88, 89, 178 Apocalyptic passage xxiii. 1 1-21 Arabs, xx. 13 Aram, son of Shem, vii. 18; ix. 5 land of, xxxvii. 6, 9 Ararat, v. 28 ; viii. 21 ; ix. 5 ; x. 15 Ard, xliv. 25 Areli, xliv. 20 Arioch, xiii. 22 Arpachsad, vii. 18; viii. 1 Asenath, xxxiv. 20; xl. 10; xliv. 24 Ashbel, xliv. 25 Asher, xxviii. 21 Ashtaroth, xxix. 10 Asshur, son of Shem, vii. 18; ix. 3, 6 land of ( Assyria), viii. 21 ; ix. 3, 5 Astidt, xliv. 28 Atonement, Day of, v. 17- 18; xxxiv. 18-19 ‘Awan, wife of Cain, iv. 1, 9 ‘Azura, wife of Seth, iv. 8, 11; wife of Heber, viii. 11 Babel, tower of, x. 19-26 Babel, viii. 21 Babylon, xx. 12 Baraka, wife of Jared, iv. 16 Baraki’el, brother of Kenan, iv. 15 Baraki’il, brother of Methu- selah, iv. 28 Bashai, viii. 21 Bealoth, xiii.’ 10 Becher, xliv. 25 Beersheba, see Well of the Oath Bela, xliv. 25 Beliar, sons of, xv. 33 spirit of, i. 20 and note Beloved, the ( Abraham), xxxi, 15, 20 Benjamin, xxxii. 3, 33 Boon, xxix. 10 Beriah, xiiv. 21 Betnos, wife of Lamech, iv. 28 Bethel, xiii. 5; xxvii. 19, 26; xxxi. 3; xxxii. B6thhor6n, xxxiv. 4 Bethshan, xxix. 14 Bethuel, xix. 10; xxvii, 10, 12 Bilhah, sister of ZUpah, xxviii. 9 Reuben’s sin with, xxxiii. i-9 Blood, eating of forbidden, vii. 28, 29; xxi. 6, 18 Book of life, xxx. 22 and note ; xxxvi. 10 Burial of patriarchs in Ca- naan, xlvi. 9 lack of, a misfortune, xxiii. 23 Cain, iv. 1 death of, iv. 31 Calendar, reformation of the Jewish, a dominant in- terest in Jubilees, xvi. ff. Canaan, vii. 10-13; ix. 1; xxii. 21 seizes Palestine, x. 29-34 Canaanites, xiv. 18; xxx. 25 Canaanitish wives of Joseph, Judah, Simeon, xl. 10; xxxiv. 20 Caphtorim, xxiv. 30 Carmi, xliv. 12 Chaldees, land of the, ix. 4, 5 Chedorlaomer, xiii. 22 Circumcision, an everlasting ordinance, xv. 14, 25; xx. 3 observed in the creation of the two highest orders of angels, xv. 27 on the eighth day, xv. 14, 25 neglect of by Israel, xv. 33-34 INDEX 217 Covenant with Noah, vi. 17- 18 with Abram, xiv. 20 Cush, vii. 13 ; ix. 1 Creation, the new, i. 29; iv. 26; xxiii. 26-30 ; 1. 5 the twenty-two works of, ii. 1-16 Creator of all things, xvii. 3 ; xxii. 4, 27 ; xlv. 5 Dan, xiii. 23; xxviii. 18; xliv. 27-28 Danel, iv. 20 Deborah, xxxii. 30 Decreasing years of mankind, xxiii. 9 fT. Demonology of Jubilees, p. xxiv Demons, sons of the Watch- ers, vii. 22, 27 tempt Noah’s sons, x. 1-2, 5, 8 ; xii. 20 one tenth of the, left sub- ject to Mastema, x. 0 to be punished finally with Satan, x. 8 worshipped, xxii. 17 Dinah, daughter of Jacob, xxviii. 23; xxx. 1-3; xxxiv. 15 ; xliv. 18 Dinah, wife of Mahalalel, iv. 15 Dothan, xxix. 14; xxxix. 10 Dreams, xxvii. 1; xxix. 3, 6; xxxii.; xxxv. ‘; xliv. 2 f. Earth, the, divided, viii. 8 Eating with Gentiles forbid- den, xxii. 16 Kber, viii. 7 Eden, Garden of, ii. 7; iv. 26; viii. 16, it), 2 land of, viii. 1 6, 21 ‘Edna, wife of Methuselah, iv. 27 wife of Tcrah, xi. 14 Edom, xxiv. 6; xxxvi. i; xxxviii. 8 Edom, kings of, xxxviii. 16- 23 made tributary to Israel, xxxviii. 10-14 Edrei, xxix. 10 Ehi, xliv. 25 Ela, mountains of, ix. 2 Elam, son of Shcm, vii. 18; ix. 2 land of, viii. 21 ; xiii. 22 ‘Elcw, city of ( Hcliopolis), xxxiv. 11 Eliezcr, xiv. 2 ‘Eljo, vii. 22 Elon, xliv. 17 ‘Emazara, wife of Noah,: iv. 33 Enoch (a) son of Cain, iv. 9 (b) son of fared, iv. 16-26; xix. i,, 27 first to learn writing, iv. l7 the scribe of judgment in the Garden of Eden, iv. 23-24; x. 17 (c) son of Kcuben, xxxviii. 8; xliv. 12 Enos, son of Scth, iv. 11; xix, 24. Ephraim, xliv. 24 Ephrath, xxxii. 34 Ephron the Hittitc, xxxvi. 2 Er, xli. 1 Eri, xliv. 20 ‘Ermon ( Heroonpolis), xlvi. 6 Esau, xv. 30; xix. 13; xxix. 13 soils his birthright, xxiv. breaks with Jacob, xxxvii. 20-23 slain by Jacob, xxxviii. 2 Eschatology of Jubilees, pp. xxviii f. Eschatological element in Jubilees, xxiii. 18-25, 2(-32 Eschol, xiii. 29 Euphrates, ix. 5; xiv. 18 218 INDEX Eve, created on the sixth day of the second week, iii. 5-6 brought into Eden eighty days after her creation, iii. o Exposure of the person con- demned, iii. 31 ; vii. 20 Eyes, closing of at death, xxiii. 1 and note; xliv. 6 Ezbon, xliv. 20 Falashas (Abyssinian Jews), customs of referred to, pp. xix, xxxii Fara. ( Africa?), viii. 27 Feast of Tabernacles, insti- tuted by Abraham, xvi. 20-31 celebrated by Jacob, xxxii. 4-9 peculiar features in our author’s description of, pp. xx f. Feast of Weeks, date of, pp. xviii f. celebrated in heaven and first revealed to Noah, vi. 17-18; xv. i; xxii. 1-5 rules as to observance of, vi. 20-22 Feasts of the. new moons, vi. 23-29 ‘ Fingers placed on eyes at death, see Eyes Fire, burning with, xxx. 7; xli. 17 and note. Flood, the, v. 23-32 Flood-gates, the, v. 24 Fornication, punishment for xx. 4; xxv. 7; xxxix. 6 Four sacred places, iv. 26 Friend of God (title of Abra- ham), xix. 9; xxx. 20, 21 Fruit-trees, law regarding, vii. 36 Ga’as ( Gaash), xxxiv. 4, 7 Gad, xxviii. 20; xliv. 19, 20 Gadir ( Cadiz), viii. 23, 26; ix. 12 Gera, xliv. 25 Gerar, mountains of, xvi. 10; xxiv. 12, 19 Gershon, xliv. 14 Giants, the, vii. 22 Gihon, the, viii. 15, 22 Gilead, xxix. 4, 5, 6 called ” land of Rephaim,” xxix. 9 Girgashites, the, xiv. 18 God, dwells with man in the Messianic Age, i. 26 f. the Father of the children of Jacob, i. 24, 28; see also ” All (God of) ” Gog, land of, viii. 25 Gomer, vii. 19 ; ix. 8 Graves, eating at, xxii. 17 Great Sea, the, ix. 6 Guni, xliv. 30. Guardian-angel, see Angel Hagar, xiv. 22; xvii. 2; xix. 11 Haggi, xliv. 20 Ham, iv. 33; vii. 8, 13; xxii, 21 portion of, viii. 22-24 Hamath, x. 33; xiii. 2 Hamor, xxx. 2 Haran, brother of Abram, xii. 10, 14 land of, xiii. 1 ; xxvii. 3, 19; xxxv. 10, 12 Hasid (Hasidim), party of the ” pious,” pp. xxix f. rise of, described, xxiii. 16 and note Hazor, xxxiv. 4, 7 Heap of Witness, xxix. 8 Heavenly tables, the, iii. 10 note Hebrew the original language of men and animals, iii. 28 note forgotten from overthrow of Babel till Abram’s time, xii. 25-26 INDEX 219 Hebrew, original language of Jubilees, pp. xii . Hebron, xiii. 10, 21 ; xix. 1 ; xxxvi. 20 Heliopolis, xl. 10 Hermon, xxix. 10 Heth, children of, xix. 4, 5 Hezron, xliv. 12 Hivites, xiv. 18 Horites, xxxvii. 10; xxxviii. 8 House ( family), xxii. 24 Huppim, xliv. 25 Hushim, xliv. 28 Hyrcanus, John, pp. xxiv, xxxiii Idolatry, rise of, xi. 4 Abram dissuades Terah from practising, xii. 7-8 forbidden, xx. 7-9; xxi. 3-5; cf. xxii. 17 Idols, destroyed, xxxi. 2 ‘tjaka, xliv. 28 ‘Ijaska, xi. 9 Immortality of the soul, xxiii. 31 not denied by some Sad- ducees, p. xxiii Imnah, xliv. 21 Incest, laws regarding, xxxiii. 10-20; xii. 25 f. India, viii. 21 ; ix. 2, 3 Inheritance, Israel God’s, xxii. 9, 10, 15 Inspiration, xxxii. 25 and note Intercalary days, pp. xviii f. ; vi. 23 and note Intermarriage with Canaan forbidden, xx. 4; xxii. 20; xxv. 1, 5 with Gentiles giving to Moloch, xxx. 7-17 and notes. Isaac, xv. 21 ; xvi. 13 sacrifice of, xviii. 1 13 blesses Jacob, xxvi. 22 ff. ; xxvii. 9 ff. blesses Levi, xxxi. 4-17 Isaac, blesses Judah, xxxi. 18-22 death of, xxxvi. 18 Ishbak, xix. 12 Ishmael, xiv. 24; xv. 18, 20, 23, 30; xvii. 2, 4; xx. 1. 11 Ishmaclites, xx. 13 Ishvah, xliv. 21 Ishvi, xliv. 21 Israel, apostasy of, i. 5-9; xv. 33-34; xxi”. 14. 17- 19 captivity of, i. 10 God’s inheritance, xxii. 9, 10, 15 God’s portion, xv. 31 ; xvi. 18 separation of from Gen- tiles, see ” Eating” and ” Intermarriage ” Issachar, xxviii. 22 lv, xliv. 30 Jabbok, xxix. 13, 14 Jachin, xliv. 13 Jacob, birth of, xix. 13 twenty-second from Adam, ii. 23 and note called Israel, xxxii. 17 twelve sons of, xxxiii. 22 sees the future on the heavenly tables, xxxii. 21-26 gives his books to Levi, xiv. 16 dies, xiv. 14 Jahleel, xliv. 17 Jahziel, xliv. 30 Jamin, xliv. 13 Japheth, iv. 33; vii. 9, 12, 15; x. 7 portion of, viii. 25-29 Jared, iv. 15 Jasub, xliv. 16 J a van, vii. 19; ix. 10 Jcbusitcs, xiv. 18 Jemuel, xliv. 13 Jerusalem, i. 28, 29 Jezer, xliv. 30 220 INDEX Jochebed, xliv. 8 Jokshan, xix. 12 Jordan, the, xxix. 14 Joseph, xxviii. 24 carried down into Egypt, xxxiv. 11-21 dies, xlvi. 3 Jubilee-period 49 years, according to our author, p. xvi laws regarding, 1. 1-5 Jubilees, Book of various titles of, pp. ix f. written originally in Hebrew, pp. xii f. Versions of, pp. x f. relation of to Book of Enoch, pp. xiii f. relation of to Test. XII Patriarchs, p. xiv relation of to later Jewish Midrashic. works, pp. xiv f. written by Moses at the dictation of an angel, i. 26; xxiii. 32 object of, pp. xv ft. author of, probably a Sadducean priest, pp. xxix ff . author of, an upholder of the Maccabean dynasty, p. xxx date of, pp. xxxii f. glorifies patriarchs, p. xxvii Judah born, xxviii. 15 Judah, tribe of, carried into captivity, i. 13 restored from the captivity, i. 15-16 Judas Maccabaeus, p. xxvi Judgment, final (of the fallen angels and their sons), v. IO-II doubtful allusion to a, pp. xxviii f. ; xxiii. 30 f.. Kaber, brother of Reu, xi. 7 Kabratan, xxxii. 32 Kadesh, xvi. 10 Kadmonites, xiv. 18 Kaftur, viii. 21 Kainam, viii. 1-4 Kamaturi, ix. 13 Karaite Jews, customs of, referred to, pp. xxi, xxxii ; 212 Karaso ( Chersonese or Rhinocurura), viii. 13 Karnaim, xxix. 10 Kenan, iv. 13 Kenites, xiv. 18 Kenizzites, xiv. 18 K6s6d, brother of Arpachsad, viii. 6 grandfather of ‘CJra, the wife of Reu, xi. 1 Keturah, xix. 11; xx. 1, 11, 12 identified with Hagar in later Jewish tradition, p. 113 note Kirjath Arba, xix. 1 Kittim Macedonians, xxiv. 28, 29; cf. xxxvii. 10 Kohath, xliv. 14 Laban, xix. 10; xxvii. 3, 10; xxviii. 1 Lamech, iv. 27 Land to lie fallow every seventh year, vii. 37 Law, the, given through angels, i. 27 transmitted through the patriarchs, vii. 38 Leah, xxviii. 3 death of, xxxvii. 21 Lebanon, viii. 21; ix. 4; xii. 15 Levi, birth of, xxviii. 14 ordained to the priesthood for the destruction of Shechem, xxx. 17-23 ordained to the priest- hood because he was the tenth son, xxxii. 2 pre-eminence of, over Judah, xxxi. 14-17 INDEX 221 Lex Talionis, pp. xxi f. ; iv. 31; xlviii. 14 anil note; cf. vii. 33 Lomna, wife of Pcicg, x. 18 Lot, xii. 30; xiii. 1 , xvi. 7. LubAr, v. 26 ; vii 1 Lud, vii. 18 ; ix. f, io, 1 r Luz, xxvii. 19, 20 Ma’anisakir (corrupt tor Shakir of Mahanaim), xxxiv. 4, 7 Maccabcan victories, scenes of, alluded to, xxiii. 21- 22 Madai, vii. 19; viii. 5; ix. 9 obtains Media, x. 35-36 Macdai ( Media), viii. 21 MagdalAdrA’ef, xxxiii. 1 Magog, vii. 19 ; ix. 8 Mahalalel, iv. 14, 15; xix. 24 Mahalath, xxix. 18 MAkamAron, xlvi. 0 Mamre (a person), xiii. 29 (a place), xiv. 10; xvi. 1 Manasseh, xliv. 24 Marriage with sisters ceases in Mahalalcl’s time, iv. 15 (one man with two sisters), xxviii. 8 ft elder sister precedes youn- ger, xxviii. 6 ff. mixed, p. 154 note (xxx. 7) Mastema, x. 8; xi. 5, 11; xix. 28 Satan, x. 8, 11 prince or chief, xvii. 16; xlviii. 2 prince of the, xviii. 9, 12; xlviii. 9, 12, 15 Ma’uk, sea of, viii. 22, 26 Me’at ( Maeotis), viii. 12, 27 ; ix. 8 Mebri, mountains of, ix. 2 Medan, xix. 12 Mclchizcdck, xiii. 25 Melka, wife of Levi, xxxiv. 20 wife of KA.inA.in, viii. 5 Melka, wife of Nahor, xix. 10 wife of Serug, xi. 7 Mcrari, xliv. 14 Mcshcch, vii. 19; ix. 12 Mesopotamia, ix. 5; xxvii. 10, 12, 13; xxix. 18 Messiah from Judah, xxxi. 18 Messianic kingdom, gradual development of the, i. 29; v. 12; xxiii. 26-30 righteous do not share in the, xxiii. 30, 31 woes, xxiii. 9, 11-15, 17- 19, 22-25 Methuselah, iv. 27 Midian, xix. 12 Misur, xxix. 10 Mizraim, vii. 13; ix. 1 Moab, xxxvii. 6, 10; xxxviii. 6 Moloch, xxx. 10 Moon, polemic against cal- culations by the, vi. 36 Moses born, xlvii. 1 twenty-one years at court of l’haraoh, xlvii. 10 thirty-six years in Midian, xlviii. 1 Most High, the, xxxvi. i( Mount of the Last, iv. 10 Mu’ak, wife of Shelah, viii. 6 Mualeleth, wife of Kenan, iv. 14 Muppim, xliv. 25 Naaman, xliv. 25 Nahor, father of Terah, xi. 8 son of Terah, xii. 11 Name (of God), xxiii. 21; xxx. 15 ; xxxvii. 7 NAphidim, vii. 21 Naphil, vii. 22 Naphtali, xxviii. 19; xliv. 30 Navel of the earth, viii. 19 Ncbaioth, xvii. 14 Nebrod, viii. 7 NeclAtamA’uk, vii. 14, 17 NestAg, xi. 9 Ni’imAn, wife of Zabulon, xxxiv. -20 222 INDEX Nineveh, ix. 3 Noah, iv. 28; xix. 24, 27; xxii. 13 ordinances of, vii. 20-39 Noam, wife of Enos, iv. 13 Ohad, xliv. 13 Old age, troubles of, xxiii. 1 2 if. Onan, xliv. 4, 5 ‘Ora, wife of Reu, xi. 1 Pallu,. xliv. 12 Paran, wilderness of, xvii. 1 2 ; xx. 12 Paronomasiae, iv. 9, 15, 28; viii. 5, 8; x. 18, 26; xi. 6, 12 Peleg, viii. 8 ; x. 18 Pentateuch, the book of the first Law written by an angel, i. 27 ; vi. 22 ; xxx. 12, 21 Perez, xli. 21 ; xliv. 15 Perizzites, xiv. 18; xxx. 25 Phakorites, xiv. 18 Pharaoh, contemporary of Abram, xiii. 13 contemporary of Joseph, xl. 1, 3, 5, etc. contemporary of Moses, xlvii. 2 Pharnak, ix. 2 Phicol, xxiv. 26 lJhilistia, xxxvii. 6, 10 Philistines, xxiv. 14, 15, etc. Phua, xliv. 16 Pithom, xlvi. 14 Plagues, the ten, xlviii. 5-1 1 Plant, the, of uprightness, i. 16; xvi. 26; xxi. 24; xxxvi. 6 Plough, the invention of the, xi. 23-24 Potiphar, chief of the cooks, xxxiv. 11 ; xxxix. 2 Priest of the Most High God, xxxii. 1 Purification, laws of, iii. 10-12 Put, vii. 13 ; ix. f Qafratfcf, xxxiv. 15 Qelt ( Celts), viii. z( Kaamses, xiv. 6; xlvi. 14 Kachel, xxviii. 1,9; xxxii. 34 Rafa (. Rhipaean Moun- tains) viii. 12, 16 Rake’el, brother of Lamech, iv. 33 Rasu’eja, wife of Arpachshad, viii. 1 Rasujal, iv. 16 Rasu’u, wife of Naphtali, xxxiv. 20 Ravens put to flight by Abram, xi. 18-22 Rebecca, xix. 10, 13, 16; xxxv. 27 blesses God, xxv. 18 ff. blesses Jacob, xxv. 15 fi. Red Sea, the, viii. 21 ; ix. 2, 4 Rephaim, the, xiv. 18; xxix. 9 Resurrection, no, of the body, xxiii. 30 Retaliation, see Lex Talionis Reu, x. 18 Reuben, xxviii. 11 sin of, with Bilhah, xxiii. i-9 R6bel (corrupt for Arbael), xxxiv. 8 Rosh, xliv. 25 Sabbath, the, to be kept by the highest angels and Israel, ii. 17-21, 31 not for the inferior angels, nor for the Gentiles, ii. 2, 31 first celebrated by Jacob, ii. 23, 31 laws for the observance of the, i. 6-13 ; ii. 25-30 various interpretations of the term, in relation to the feast of the weeks, xv. i Sacrifices to the dead, xxii. 17 to demons, i. 11; xxii. 17 INDEX 423 Sadducees, pp. xxi, xxx ff. ; 209 note Salem, city of, xxx 1 Sallum, xliv. 28 Salt Sea, xiii. 22 Salt, to be used in sacrifices, xxi. n Samaritans, customs of re- ferred to, vii. 36 and note; xv. 14 ; p. 200 note Samon, xliv. 28 Sanir ( Biblical Scnir), viii. 21 ; ix. 4 Sarai, xii. 9 called Sarah, xv. 15 death of, xix. 2, 7 Satan, x. 1 1 to be punished finally, x. 8 confined at different periods, xxiii. 29; xl. 9; xlvi. 2 ; I.5 absence of, xxiii. 29; xl. 10; xlvii. 2 ; I.5 substituted for direct divine agency, xvii. 16; xlviii. 2, 17; p. 205 note Seasons, the, xxxix. 16 SedeqeTSlObab, vii. iO, 17 Seir, xxix. 13, 18 Sellasar, xiii. 22 Selo ( Shiloh), xxxiv. 4, 7 Sephantiphans, xl. 10 Seragan ( Saltan), xxxiv. 4. 7 Serah, xliv. 21 Sered, xliv. 17 S6roh, xi. 1, 6 Serug, xi. 6 Seth, iv. 17; xix. 24 Shallum, xliv. 30 Shaul, xliv. 13 Shechcm; city of, xiii. 1 destroyed by Levi and Simeon, xxx. 4 taken from the Amorites by Jacob and his sons. xxxiv. 2 8 Shechem, son of Hamor, XXX. 2 Shelah, son of Arpachshad, viii. 5, 6 son of Judah. xli. 6, 7 Shem, iv. 33; vii. 9, 11, 12, 16; xix. 24, 27 lot of, viii. 12-21 Shcol, a place of punishment but not of fire, vii. 29; xxii. 22 ; xxiv. 31 Shimron, xliv. 16 Shinar, land of, ix. 3; x. 18, 19, 20; xiii. 22 Shua, xix. 12 Shuni, xliv. 20 Shur, xvi. 10 Siddim, xiii. 22 Simeon, xxviii. 13; xxx. 4; xxxiv. 20, 21 ; xliv. 13 Sina’ar, father-in-law of Pcleg, x. 18 Sinai, i. 2, 5 ; viii. 19 Six days of creation, ii 1 14 Sodom, xiii. 17, 22; xvi. 5; xx. 5, 6; xxii. 22 Son of God, the individual Israelite a, i. 24, 25, 28; xix. 29 Spirit, a holy, i. 21, 23 of righteousness (or truth), xxv. 14 Sun, the, to regulate the year, ii. 9 ; vi. 36-38 Tables, two, of stone, i. 1 Tamar, xli. 1, 6, 8, i(, 19 Tamnatares ( Timnath- heres), xxxiv. 8 Tanais ( loan), xiii. 12 Taphu, xxxiv. 4 Temple, the second, i. 17 Terah, xi. 10 Tergal, xiii. 22 Tharmuth, xlvii. 5 Third month, i. 1 Thousand years one day, iv. 30 Thousand years of life for the righteous, xxiii. 27 (iv. 30; xxiii. 15) Tigris, ix. 2, 5 224 INDEX Timnah, xli. 8, 9 Tina ( Tanais Don), viii. 12, i6, 25, 28; ix. 2, 8 Tiras. vii. 19; ix. 13 Tithes, xiii. 25, 26; xxxii. 2, 8, 9, 10-15 double, xxxii. 9-1 1 Tola, xliv. 16 Tubal, vii. 19; ix. 11 Twenty-two a significant number, ii. 23 ‘Ur, father-in-law of Reu, xi. 1 Ur, city of, xi. 3, 7, 8; xii. Vision, xxiv. 1 Visions, xxxii. 21 ; xliv. 3 ff . ; xlv. 4 Vows, xxxi. 26 fi. War forbidden on the Sab- bath, i. 12 Washings, obligatory in con- nection with sacrifices, xxi. 16 Watchers, the, see Angels Way ( religion), xxiii. 21 Weeks, feast of, pp. xviii f . ; xxii. 1 Well of the Oath see Beer- sheba), xvi. 11, 15; xviii. 17; xxii. 1; xxiv. 21, 26; xxvii. 19; xxix. 17; xliv. 1 Wine, to be drunk at the Passover, xlix. 6, 9 Wives of patriarchs, xxxiv. 20 ; xli. 7 Woods to be used in sacrific- ing, xxi. 12-14 Wreaths, xvi. 30 and note (cf. pp. xx. f.) Year, the, 364 days, vi. 29-38 430, from birth of Isaac to the Exodus, xiv. 13 Zabulon, xxviii. 23 Zeboim, xiii. 23; xvi. 5 Zephathite, xliv. 13 Zerah, xli. 21 ; xliv. 15 Zilpah, sister of Bilhah, jcxviii. 3, 9; xliv. 19 Zimram, xix. 12 Zion, i. 28, 29; viii. 19 Ziphion, xliv. 20 Printed in Great Rkitain nv Kichaku Ci.ay Sons, Limited, BRUNSWICK ST., STAMFORD ST., S.B. I, AND UUNGAY, SUFFOLK. 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